성능을 위한 useCallback과 useMemo

Every time a component re-renders in React, all values created inside the function body are recreated. This includes objects, arrays, and most importantly — functions. If a recreated function or value is passed as a prop to a child component, the child sees a new reference and re-renders, even when the logical value has not changed.

useCallback(fn, deps) returns a memoized version of the callback function that only changes if one of the dependencies has changed. Wrapping a callback in useCallback preserves the same function reference across renders, preventing unnecessary re-renders in child components that receive it as a prop.

useCallback is most effective when paired with React.memo on the child component. Without React.memo the child re-renders anyway regardless of prop reference equality. The combination of React.memo on the child and useCallback on the parent callback prevents re-renders when neither the behavior nor the data has changed.

useMemo(computeFn, deps) memoizes the result of an expensive computation. React calls computeFn on the first render and caches its return value. On subsequent renders it returns the cached value unless a dependency has changed. This avoids repeating heavy calculations every render.

Objects and arrays created inline in JSX are new references on every render. If passed to a memoized child, they defeat memoization. Wrap them in useMemo to create a stable reference that only changes when the underlying data changes. This is especially important for style arrays and config objects.

Both useCallback and useMemo require accurate dependency arrays. Include every value from the component scope that is used inside the memoized function or computation. Missing a dependency causes the memoized value to use a stale closure; listing too many causes unnecessary recomputation. ESLint's exhaustive-deps rule helps enforce correctness.

useCallback has a cost: React stores the function in memory and checks the dependency array on every render. For simple handlers that are not passed to memoized children, the overhead of useCallback exceeds the benefit. Use it selectively — only when the child component is wrapped in React.memo and props equality matters for performance.

Use useMemo when a computation takes noticeable time — sorting large arrays, parsing complex data, running statistical calculations. The rule of thumb: if the computation takes more than a millisecond and runs on every render, consider memoizing it. For trivial operations (adding two numbers), the memoization overhead is larger than the computation itself.

Wrapping the renderItem function of a FlatList in useCallback prevents a new function reference from being created on every parent render, which would cause every visible FlatList row to re-render. This is one of the most impactful performance wins in list-heavy React Native apps.

Before adding memoization everywhere, measure the actual impact using the React DevTools Profiler. Record an interaction, look at the flame chart to identify components that re-render unnecessarily, and only add useCallback or useMemo where the profiler shows a real bottleneck. Premature optimization adds code complexity with no measurable benefit.

Remember the key difference: useCallback memoizes a function (prevents recreating the function reference), while useMemo memoizes a computed value (prevents re-running an expensive calculation). Both accept a dependency array and only recompute when the listed dependencies change.

Test your understanding of useCallback and useMemo for performance from this lesson.

In this lesson you learned: useCallback memoizes a function reference to prevent unnecessary child re-renders, useMemo memoizes an expensive computed value to skip re-calculation on every render, and both work best when combined with React.memo and accurate dependency arrays. Next up we explore writing custom hooks to share stateful logic between components.