Figure와 Axes 구조

Matplotlib 구조를 배우는 이유

Figure: 캔버스

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# Create a Figure with a specific size
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4))  # width=8 inches, height=4 inches
print(type(fig))  # matplotlib.figure.Figure
print('Figure size:', fig.get_size_inches())
plt.close()  # close to avoid display in scripts

Axes: 그래프가 그려지는 곳

fig, ax = plt.subplots()  # Creates Figure + one Axes
print(type(ax))  # matplotlib.axes.Axes

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
ax.plot(x, np.sin(x))  # plot on the Axes
plt.tight_layout()
# plt.show()
plt.close()

plt.subplots(): Figure와 Axes를 함께 만들기

# Single plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4))

# 2 rows, 1 column
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(6, 8))

# 2 rows, 2 columns
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 8))
ax_top_left = axes[0, 0]
ax_top_right = axes[0, 1]
print('axes shape:', axes.shape)  # (2, 2)
plt.close('all')

객체 지향 API와 상태 기반 API

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16]

# Stateful API (convenient but fragile)
# plt.plot(x, y)
# plt.xlabel('x')
# plt.title('Squares')

# Object-oriented API (preferred)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(x, y)
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_title('Squares')
plt.close()

Artist: 그래프를 구성하는 기본 요소

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
line, = ax.plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9], color='blue', linewidth=2)

# Introspect the hierarchy
print('Figure:', type(fig))
print('Axes:', type(ax))
print('Line Artist:', type(line))
print('Line color:', line.get_color())
plt.close()

축 객체: XAxis와 YAxis

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 40, 30, 70])

ax.set_xlim(0, 5)
ax.set_ylim(0, 80)
ax.set_xticks([1, 2, 3, 4])
ax.set_xticklabels(['Q1', 'Q2', 'Q3', 'Q4'])
ax.set_xlabel('Quarter')
ax.set_ylabel('Revenue')
plt.close()

여러 패널 플롯에서 축 공유하기

import numpy as np

x = np.arange(10)
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, sharex=True, figsize=(6, 5))

ax1.plot(x, x**2, color='blue')
ax1.set_title('Squares')

ax2.plot(x, x**3, color='red')
ax2.set_title('Cubes')

fig.suptitle('Powers of x')  # shared figure title
plt.tight_layout()
plt.close()

tight_layout()으로 간격 조정하기

fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 8))

for i, ax in enumerate(axes.flat):
    ax.plot([1, 2, 3], [i, i+1, i+2])
    ax.set_title(f'Panel {i+1}')
    ax.set_xlabel('x axis label')
    ax.set_ylabel('y axis label')

fig.suptitle('Grid of Plots', y=1.02)
plt.tight_layout()  # prevents overlapping labels
plt.close()

subplots()에서 Axes에 접근하기

fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 3, figsize=(12, 6))

# Access by row, column
axes[0, 0].set_title('Top Left')
axes[1, 2].set_title('Bottom Right')

# Iterate over all axes
for ax in axes.flat:
    ax.set_xlabel('Time')
    ax.set_ylabel('Value')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.close()

사용하지 않는 Axes 제거하기

fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 3, figsize=(12, 6))
data_panels = 4  # only 4 plots needed in a 2x3 grid

for i, ax in enumerate(axes.flat):
    if i < data_panels:
        ax.plot([1, 2, 3], [i, i+1, i+2])
        ax.set_title(f'Panel {i+1}')
    else:
        ax.set_visible(False)  # hide extra panels

plt.tight_layout()
plt.close()

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과정 요약