継承によるクラスの拡張

はじめに：PHPの継承

重要な概念

基本的なextends

<?php
class Shape {
    public function __construct(protected string $color) {}
    public function describe(): string { return "A {$this->color} shape"; }
}

class Circle extends Shape {
    public function __construct(string $color, private float $radius) {
        parent::__construct($color);
    }
    public function area(): float { return M_PI * $this->radius ** 2; }
}

$c = new Circle('red', 5);
echo $c->describe();   // A red shape
echo round($c->area()); // 79

メソッドのオーバーライド

<?php
class Logger {
    public function log(string $msg): void {
        echo "[LOG] $msg" . PHP_EOL;
    }
}

class DatabaseLogger extends Logger {
    public function log(string $msg): void {
        // Extend parent behavior
        parent::log($msg);
        // Also save to DB
        echo "[DB] Saved: $msg" . PHP_EOL;
    }
}

$l = new DatabaseLogger();
$l->log('User login');

finalキーワード

<?php
class PaymentProcessor {
    final public function processPayment(float $amount): void {
        // Critical logic — cannot be overridden
        $this->validate($amount);
        $this->charge($amount);
        $this->log($amount);
    }

    protected function validate(float $amount): void { /* ... */ }
    protected function charge(float $amount): void   { /* ... */ }
    protected function log(float $amount): void      { /* ... */ }
}

instanceofによるチェック

<?php
class Vehicle {}
class Car extends Vehicle {}
class ElectricCar extends Car {}

$ev = new ElectricCar();

var_dump($ev instanceof ElectricCar); // true
var_dump($ev instanceof Car);         // true
var_dump($ev instanceof Vehicle);     // true

// Also works with interfaces
var_dump($ev instanceof Countable);   // false

抽象基底クラス

<?php
abstract class Notification {
    abstract public function send(string $message): bool;

    public function sendBatch(array $messages): void {
        foreach ($messages as $msg) {
            $this->send($msg);
        }
    }
}

class EmailNotification extends Notification {
    public function send(string $message): bool {
        echo "Email: $message" . PHP_EOL;
        return true;
    }
}

パターン

使用する場面

実際の使用例

よくある落とし穴

クイックチェック

復習：PHPの継承