時間的行とバージョン管理された行

テンポラルテーブルとは

有効時間とトランザクション時間の違い

有効時間テーブルの作成

CREATE TABLE employee_salary (
  id          SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  employee_id INT NOT NULL,
  salary      NUMERIC(12, 2) NOT NULL,
  valid_from  DATE NOT NULL,
  valid_to    DATE
);

INSERT INTO employee_salary (employee_id, salary, valid_from, valid_to)
VALUES
  (1, 50000, '2020-01-01', '2022-06-30'),
  (1, 60000, '2022-07-01', NULL);

現在のバージョンの照会

SELECT employee_id, salary
FROM employee_salary
WHERE valid_to IS NULL
ORDER BY employee_id;

As-Ofクエリ

-- What was employee 1's salary on 2021-03-15?
SELECT employee_id, salary, valid_from, valid_to
FROM employee_salary
WHERE employee_id = 1
  AND valid_from <= '2021-03-15'
  AND (valid_to IS NULL OR valid_to > '2021-03-15');

バージョン管理された行の更新

-- Employee 1 gets a raise effective 2023-01-01
BEGIN;

-- Close the current open row
UPDATE employee_salary
SET valid_to = '2022-12-31'
WHERE employee_id = 1
  AND valid_to IS NULL;

-- Insert the new version
INSERT INTO employee_salary (employee_id, salary, valid_from, valid_to)
VALUES (1, 72000, '2023-01-01', NULL);

COMMIT;

daterangeによる有効期間の管理

CREATE TABLE employee_salary_v2 (
  id          SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  employee_id INT NOT NULL,
  salary      NUMERIC(12, 2) NOT NULL,
  valid_period DATERANGE NOT NULL,
  EXCLUDE USING GIST (employee_id WITH =, valid_period WITH &&)
);

INSERT INTO employee_salary_v2 (employee_id, salary, valid_period)
VALUES
  (1, 50000, '[2020-01-01, 2022-07-01)'),
  (1, 60000, '[2022-07-01, infinity)');

daterangeを使ったAs-Ofクエリ

-- What was employee 1's salary on 2021-03-15?
SELECT employee_id, salary, valid_period
FROM employee_salary_v2
WHERE employee_id = 1
  AND valid_period @> '2021-03-15'::date;

システムバージョン管理テーブル（SQL標準）

-- SQL Server / MariaDB syntax (reference)
CREATE TABLE dbo.Product (
  ProductID   INT PRIMARY KEY,
  Name        VARCHAR(100),
  Price       DECIMAL(10,2),
  SysStart    DATETIME2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW START,
  SysEnd      DATETIME2 GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW END,
  PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME (SysStart, SysEnd)
)
WITH (SYSTEM_VERSIONING = ON (HISTORY_TABLE = dbo.Product_History));

テンポラル結合：2つのテーブルの時間軸をそろえる

CREATE TABLE dept_assignment (
  employee_id INT,
  department  VARCHAR(50),
  valid_period DATERANGE
);

INSERT INTO dept_assignment VALUES
  (1, 'Engineering', '[2020-01-01, infinity)'),
  (1, 'Marketing',   '[2019-01-01, 2020-01-01)');

-- Periods where employee 1 was in Engineering AND had salary > 55000
SELECT s.salary, d.department,
       s.valid_period * d.valid_period AS overlap_period
FROM employee_salary_v2 s
JOIN dept_assignment d
  ON s.employee_id = d.employee_id
  AND s.valid_period && d.valid_period
WHERE s.employee_id = 1
  AND s.salary > 55000;

期間の空白と重複の防止

-- Find gaps in salary history for employee 1
-- (periods where upper(prev) < lower(next))
SELECT
  upper(a.valid_period) AS gap_start,
  lower(b.valid_period) AS gap_end
FROM employee_salary_v2 a
JOIN employee_salary_v2 b
  ON a.employee_id = b.employee_id
  AND upper(a.valid_period) < lower(b.valid_period)
WHERE a.employee_id = 1
  AND NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM employee_salary_v2 c
    WHERE c.employee_id = 1
      AND lower(c.valid_period) > upper(a.valid_period)
      AND lower(c.valid_period) < lower(b.valid_period)
  )
ORDER BY gap_start;

理解度チェック

復習：テンポラル行とバージョン管理された行