set -euo pipefailによる厳格モード

Bashがデフォルトで失敗を黙って無視する理由

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Without strict mode — dangerous default behavior

cp /important/data /backups/data   # fails (path doesn't exist)
echo "Backup complete"              # still prints — false confidence!
rm -rf /tmp/staging                # still runs — potentially destructive

3つの基本フラグ：set -euo pipefail

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

echo "Strict mode is now active"
echo "Every command failure will abort the script"

set -e（errexit）を理解する

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -e

echo "Before failure"
ls /this/path/does/not/exist   # exits here with code 2
echo "This line never runs"

set -u（nounset）を理解する

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Safe: provide a default for optional vars
OUTPUT_DIR="${1:-/tmp/output}"
LOG_LEVEL="${LOG_LEVEL:-info}"

echo "Writing to: $OUTPUT_DIR"
echo "Log level: $LOG_LEVEL"

# This would abort the script:
# echo "$UNDEFINED_VAR"   # bash: UNDEFINED_VAR: unbound variable

-o pipefailを理解する

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# With pipefail: this aborts if grep finds nothing (exit 1)
# grep returns 1 when no match found
ps aux | grep "[n]ginx" | awk '{print $2}'

echo "If we reach here, nginx is running"

意図的なコマンド失敗 — || trueの使用

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Remove temp dir if it exists — OK if it doesn't
rm -rf /tmp/my_workspace || true
mkdir -p /tmp/my_workspace

# Check if a service is running — OK if not
if systemctl is-active --quiet nginx 2>/dev/null || true; then
  echo "nginx is active"
fi

# Grep that may find nothing — OK
grep 'ERROR' /var/log/app.log || true

echo "Done"

set -eで検出できないもの

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# These do NOT trigger -e:
if false; then echo "never"; fi         # -e exempt in conditions
! false                                  # negation exempts
false || echo "handled"                 # || exempts the left side

# This DOES trigger -e (no condition, no ||):
# false

echo "Script continues after exempted failures"

厳格モードでのサブシェルと関数

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

setup_workspace() {
  local dir="$1"
  mkdir -p "$dir"          # fails here if permissions denied
  cd "$dir"
  echo "Ready in $(pwd)"
}

# Safe pattern: assign result then use it
TODAY=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)   # capture separately
WORKDIR="/tmp/run_${TODAY}"

setup_workspace "$WORKDIR"
echo "Workspace: $WORKDIR"

厳格モードとエラートラップの組み合わせ

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -Eeuo pipefail

on_error() {
  local exit_code=$?
  local line_number=${BASH_LINENO[0]}
  echo "ERROR: command failed with code ${exit_code} at line ${line_number}" >&2
}

cleanup() {
  echo "Cleaning up temporary files..." >&2
  rm -rf /tmp/my_run_dir 2>/dev/null || true
}

trap on_error ERR
trap cleanup EXIT

mkdir -p /tmp/my_run_dir
echo "hello" > /tmp/my_run_dir/output.txt
cat /tmp/my_run_dir/output.txt
echo "Done"

厳格モードを局所的に無効にする

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Probe for optional tools without aborting
HAS_JQ=false
(
  set +e
  command -v jq > /dev/null 2>&1
  [[ $? -eq 0 ]] && echo "jq_found"
) && HAS_JQ=true || true

if [[ "$HAS_JQ" == "true" ]]; then
  echo "jq is available — using JSON output"
else
  echo "jq not found — using plain text"
fi

完全な厳格モードスクリプトテンプレート

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -Eeuo pipefail
IFS=$'\n\t'

# ── Constants ────────────────────────────────────────────
readonly SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
readonly SCRIPT_NAME="$(basename "$0")"

# ── Trap handlers ────────────────────────────────────────
err_handler() {
  echo "[${SCRIPT_NAME}] ERROR on line ${BASH_LINENO[0]}: exit ${?}" >&2
}
cleanup() {
  echo "[${SCRIPT_NAME}] Exiting" >&2
}
trap err_handler ERR
trap cleanup EXIT

# ── Defaults ─────────────────────────────────────────────
ENV="${1:-production}"
MAX_RETRIES="${MAX_RETRIES:-3}"

# ── Main ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
main() {
  echo "Running in env=${ENV}, max_retries=${MAX_RETRIES}"
  echo "Script dir: ${SCRIPT_DIR}"
}

main "$@"

理解度チェック：pipefailの動作

振り返り：set -euo pipefailによる厳格モード