Template literal e optional chaining

Template literal: stringhe con backtick

// String concatenation (old way):
const msg = 'Hello, ' + name + '! You have ' + count + ' messages.';

// Template literal (modern):
const msg2 = `Hello, ${name}! You have ${count} messages.`;

Template literal su più righe

const html = `
  <div class="card">
    <h2>${title}</h2>
    <p>${body}</p>
  </div>
`;

const sql = `
  SELECT *
  FROM users
  WHERE age > ${minAge}
  ORDER BY name
`;

Espressioni nelle template literal

const tax = 0.2;
const price = 50;
const receipt = `
  Subtotal: $${price}
  Tax (${tax * 100}%): $${price * tax}
  Total: $${price * (1 + tax)}
  ${isPaid ? 'PAID' : 'UNPAID'}
`;

Template literal con tag

function highlight(strings, ...values) {
  return strings.reduce((acc, str, i) =>
    acc + str + (values[i] !== undefined ? `<mark>${values[i]}</mark>` : ''), '');
}
const msg = highlight`Hello ${name}, you have ${count} messages.`;

Chaining opzionale: ?.

const user = null;

// Without optional chaining (throws TypeError):
// user.profile.avatar

// With optional chaining (returns undefined):
const avatar = user?.profile?.avatar;
console.log(avatar); // undefined — no error

Chiamate opzionali ai metodi

const timer = getTimer(); // might return null
timer?.start(); // only calls start() if timer exists

// Also works on array access:
const firstItem = arr?.[0]; // undefined if arr is null

Coalescenza dei valori null: ??

const port = config.port ?? 3000;  // 3000 only if port is null/undefined
const name = user.name ?? 'Anonymous';

// Compare with ||:
console.log(0 ?? 'default');   // 0 (not nullish)
console.log(0 || 'default');   // 'default' (falsy!)

Assegnazione dei valori null: ??=

let cache = {};
function getUser(id) {
  cache[id] ??= fetchUser(id); // only fetch if not cached
  return cache[id];
}

Operatori di assegnazione logica

user.name ||= 'Anonymous';  // set if falsy
user.role &&= user.role.toLowerCase(); // transform if exists

Combinare ?. e ??

const city = user?.address?.city ?? 'Unknown';
const total = cart?.items?.length ?? 0;

Metodi delle stringhe da conoscere

const str = '  Hello World  ';
str.trim();           // 'Hello World'
str.includes('World'); // true
'5'.padStart(3, '0'); // '005'
'abc'.at(-1);         // 'c'
'aabbcc'.replaceAll('b', 'x'); // 'aaxxcc'

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Riepilogo: template literal e chaining opzionale