Autenticazione e autorizzazione
Implementi meccanismi affidabili di autenticazione e autorizzazione per processi e utenti che accedono ai Suoi servizi Erlang.
Autenticazione e autorizzazione è una lezione Erlang OTP: Distributed & Fault-Tolerant Systems Programming gratuita su CoddyKit. Questa è la lezione 2 di 4. Puoi leggere la lezione completa qui gratuitamente — poi esercitati direttamente nel browser con un editor di codice integrato e un tutor IA disponibile 24/7. Fa parte del percorso di apprendimento Erlang OTP: Distributed & Fault-Tolerant Systems Programming, e i tuoi progressi si sincronizzano tra il web e l'app CoddyKit. Il corso Erlang OTP: Distributed & Fault-Tolerant Systems Programming include 4 lezioni in totale.
Parti di questa lezione non sono ancora state tradotte e vengono mostrate in inglese.
AuthN & AuthZ Explained
In distributed systems, knowing who is accessing your services and what they are allowed to do is critical for security. This is where authentication and authorization come in.
- Authentication (AuthN): Verifies the identity of a user or process. It answers the question, "Who are you?"
- Authorization (AuthZ): Determines if an authenticated user or process has permission to perform a specific action or access a resource. It answers, "What are you allowed to do?"
They work hand-in-hand to secure your Erlang applications.
Identifying Users
For user authentication, we typically verify credentials like a username and password. In Erlang, you might have a dedicated service (often a GenServer) responsible for managing user accounts and validating login attempts.
This service would receive a login request, check the provided credentials against stored data, and respond with either success or failure. On success, it might issue a session ID or token.
Building an Auth GenServer
Let's create a very basic auth_service using GenServer. For simplicity, it will store a hardcoded user and password. In a real system, you'd integrate with a database and securely hash passwords.
Our auth_service will have a login/2 function that clients can call to authenticate.
Runnable Auth Service
Try running this simple authentication service. You can call auth_service:login("user", "pass") and auth_service:login("wrong", "pass") to see the different responses.
-module(auth_service).
-behaviour(gen_server).
-export([start_link/0, login/2]).
-export([init/1, handle_call/3, handle_cast/2, handle_info/2,
terminate/2, code_change/3]).
% Client API
start_link() ->
gen_server:start_link({local, ?MODULE}, ?MODULE, [], []).
login(Username, Password) ->
gen_server:call(?MODULE, {login, Username, Password}).
% GenServer Callbacks
init([]) ->
% Store a simple user/pass for demonstration
Users = #{<<"user">> => <<"pass">>},
{ok, Users}.
handle_call({login, Username, Password}, _From, State) ->
case maps:get(Username, State, undefined) of
Password ->
{reply, {ok, <<"authenticated">>}, State};
_ ->
{reply, {error, <<"invalid_credentials">>}, State}
end;
handle_call(_Request, _From, State) ->
{reply, {error, unknown_request}, State}.
handle_cast(_Msg, State) ->
{noreply, State}.
handle_info(_Info, State) ->
{noreply, State}.
terminate(_Reason, _State) ->
ok.
code_change(_OldVsn, State, _Extra) ->
{ok, State}.What Can You Do?
Once a user is authenticated, the next step is authorization. This means deciding what actions they are allowed to perform. A common way to manage this is through Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).
- Roles: Groups of permissions (e.g.,
admin,editor,viewer). - Permissions: Specific actions (e.g.,
create_post,edit_post,delete_post).
Users are assigned roles, and roles are assigned permissions.
Role-Based Access Control
We can extend our auth_service (or a separate service) to manage roles and permissions. It would need to know:
- Which roles a user has.
- Which permissions each role grants.
Then, when a service needs to check if a user can perform an action, it asks the authorization service.
Auth Service with RBAC
Here's an updated auth_service that includes a basic RBAC mechanism. It defines roles and permissions and allows checking if a user has a specific permission.
Try calling auth_service:check_permission("user", "read_data") and auth_service:check_permission("user", "delete_data") after logging in.
-module(auth_service).
-behaviour(gen_server).
-export([start_link/0, login/2, check_permission/2]).
-export([init/1, handle_call/3, handle_cast/2, handle_info/2,
terminate/2, code_change/3]).
% Client API
start_link() ->
gen_server:start_link({local, ?MODULE}, ?MODULE, [], []).
login(Username, Password) ->
gen_server:call(?MODULE, {login, Username, Password}).
check_permission(Username, Permission) ->
gen_server:call(?MODULE, {check_permission, Username, Permission}).
% GenServer Callbacks
init([]) ->
Users = #{
<<"user">> => #{
password => <<"pass">>,
roles => [<<"viewer">>, <<"editor">>]
},
<<"admin">> => #{
password => <<"admin_pass">>,
roles => [<<"admin">>, <<"viewer">>]
}
},
Roles = #{
<<"viewer">> => [<<"read_data">>],
<<"editor">> => [<<"read_data">>, <<"write_data">>],
<<"admin">> => [<<"read_data">>, <<"write_data">>, <<"delete_data">>]
},
{ok, #{users => Users, roles => Roles}}.
handle_call({login, Username, Password}, _From, State) ->
Users = maps:get(users, State),
case maps:get(Username, Users, undefined) of
#{password := Password} ->
{reply, {ok, <<"authenticated">>}, State};
_ ->
{reply, {error, <<"invalid_credentials">>}, State}
end;
handle_call({check_permission, Username, Permission}, _From, State) ->
Users = maps:get(users, State),
Roles = maps:get(roles, State),
case maps:get(Username, Users, undefined) of
#{roles := UserRoles} ->
HasPermission = lists:any(
fun(Role) ->
case maps:get(Role, Roles, []) of
RolePermissions when is_list(RolePermissions) ->
lists:member(Permission, RolePermissions);
_ -> false
end
end,
UserRoles
),
{reply, HasPermission, State};
_ ->
{reply, false, State} % User not found or not authenticated
end;
handle_call(_Request, _From, State) ->
{reply, {error, unknown_request}, State}.
handle_cast(_Msg, State) ->
{noreply, State}.
handle_info(_Info, State) ->
{noreply, State}.
terminate(_Reason, _State) ->
ok.
code_change(_OldVsn, State, _Extra) ->
{ok, State}.Securing Your Services
Once you have an authentication and authorization service, other services in your system can use it. A typical flow looks like this:
- Client Authenticates: Calls
auth_service:login/2. - Receives Session/Token: If successful, the client gets a session ID or token (e.g., a process ID, or a more complex JWT).
- Client Makes Authorized Request: When calling another service (e.g.,
data_service), the client includes its session/token and the action it wants to perform. - Service Authorizes: The
data_servicecallsauth_service:check_permission/2using the client's identity and the requested action. - Service Responds: If authorized, the action proceeds; otherwise, an error is returned.
Beyond Basic Auth
While our examples are simple, real-world systems need more:
- Password Hashing: Never store plaintext passwords. Use strong hashing algorithms like
bcryptorpbkdf2. - Session Management: Securely generate, store, and validate session tokens. Ensure they expire and can be revoked.
- Auditing: Log all authentication attempts and authorization checks for security monitoring and forensics.
- External Identity Providers: Integrate with OAuth2/OpenID Connect for single sign-on.
Erlang's concurrency makes it great for building robust auth services.
AuthN vs AuthZ Check
Consider a user trying to access a secure document in an Erlang application.
Recap: Securing Services
We've covered the fundamentals of authentication and authorization in Erlang:
- Authentication (AuthN) verifies identity ("Who are you?").
- Authorization (AuthZ) determines permissions ("What can you do?").
- We built a simple
auth_serviceusing GenServer for both user login and role-based access control (RBAC). - Understanding how to integrate these services is key to building secure and robust distributed Erlang applications.
Next, explore how to protect sensitive data itself within your Erlang applications.
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Tutte le lezioni di questo corso
- Comunicazione sicura tra nodi (TLS)
- Autenticazione e autorizzazione
- Protezione dei dati sensibili
- Rafforzare la sicurezza dei cookie di distribuzione e dell'accesso ai nodi