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API Gateway & Reverse Proxy (Nginx + Spring Cloud Gateway) · Lezione

Filtri globali e GatewayFilterFactory

Comprenda il concetto di filtri globali e impari a usare le GatewayFilterFactory integrate per applicare trasformazioni comuni.

Filtri globali e GatewayFilterFactory è una lezione API Gateway & Reverse Proxy (Nginx + Spring Cloud Gateway) gratuita su CoddyKit. Questa è la lezione 1 di 4. Puoi leggere la lezione completa qui gratuitamente — poi esercitati direttamente nel browser con un editor di codice integrato e un tutor IA disponibile 24/7. Fa parte del percorso di apprendimento API Gateway & Reverse Proxy (Nginx + Spring Cloud Gateway), e i tuoi progressi si sincronizzano tra il web e l'app CoddyKit. Il corso API Gateway & Reverse Proxy (Nginx + Spring Cloud Gateway) include 4 lezioni in totale.

Parti di questa lezione non sono ancora state tradotte e vengono mostrate in inglese.

What are Gateway Filters?

In Spring Cloud Gateway, filters are like interceptors that allow you to modify incoming HTTP requests or outgoing HTTP responses.

They provide a powerful way to implement cross-cutting concerns for your API traffic, such as security, logging, or data transformation.

Pre- and Post-Filters

Spring Cloud Gateway supports two main types of filter execution:

  • Pre-filters: Executed before the request is sent to the downstream service. Great for authentication, logging, or modifying request headers.
  • Post-filters: Executed after the response is received from the downstream service but before it's sent back to the client. Useful for modifying responses, caching, or error handling.

Understanding Global Filters

A Global Filter is applied to every single request that passes through the gateway, regardless of the specific route it matches.

This makes them ideal for concerns that affect all your API traffic, like global logging, security checks, or metrics collection across all services.

They implement the GlobalFilter interface.

Building a Custom Global Filter

Let's create a simple global filter that logs the incoming request path. It needs to implement GlobalFilter and Ordered.

Run this Spring Boot app and access http://localhost:8080/test/hello. You'll see the log in the console!

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GatewayFilterChain;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.RouteLocator;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.builder.RouteLocatorBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.core.Ordered;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

@SpringBootApplication
public class GatewayApp {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(GatewayApp.class, args);
    }

    // A simple route for demonstration
    @Bean
    public RouteLocator customRouteLocator(RouteLocatorBuilder builder) {
        return builder.routes()
            .route("test_route", r -> r.path("/test/**")
                .uri("http://httpbin.org:80")) // Public test service
            .build();
    }

    @Component
    static class MyLoggingFilter implements GlobalFilter, Ordered {
        @Override
        public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {
            System.out.println("Global Filter: Request Path -> " + exchange.getRequest().getPath());
            return chain.filter(exchange); // Continue filter chain
        }

        @Override
        public int getOrder() {
            return -1; // Execute very early
        }
    }
}

Understanding Filter Order

When multiple filters (global or route-specific) are present, their execution order matters.

Filters that implement the Ordered interface define their priority using the getOrder() method. Lower values mean higher priority (executed earlier).

  • Negative values: Very high priority.
  • Positive values: Lower priority.
  • Filters without an explicit order often run later.

What is a GatewayFilterFactory?

While GlobalFilters apply everywhere, a GatewayFilterFactory provides reusable, configurable filters that you can apply to specific routes.

Spring Cloud Gateway comes with many built-in factories for common tasks, like adding/removing headers, rewriting paths, or applying rate limits. You configure them per route.

AddRequestHeader Factory in Action

The AddRequestHeader factory adds a static header to the request before it's forwarded to the backend service.

Run this example and navigate to http://localhost:8080/add-header/test. The response from httpbin.org will show the added header!

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.RouteLocator;
import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.builder.RouteLocatorBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;

@SpringBootApplication
public class GatewayApp {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(GatewayApp.class, args);
    }

    @Bean
    public RouteLocator customRouteLocator(RouteLocatorBuilder builder) {
        return builder.routes()
            .route("add_header_route", r -> r.path("/add-header/**")
                .filters(f -> f.addRequestHeader("X-Gateway-Custom", "CoddyKit"))
                .uri("http://httpbin.org:80/headers")) // Shows request headers
            .build();
    }
}

Exploring More Built-in Factories

Spring Cloud Gateway offers many other powerful GatewayFilterFactory implementations:

  • RemoveRequestHeader: Removes a specified header.
  • RewritePath: Changes the request URI path.
  • Retry: Retries failed requests.
  • RateLimiter: Applies rate limiting to requests.

These factories simplify common gateway tasks without writing custom code.

Global vs. Route-Specific Filters

When should you use a Global Filter versus a GatewayFilterFactory?

  • Choose Global Filters for: Cross-cutting concerns affecting all requests (e.g., global security, logging).
  • Choose GatewayFilterFactory (route-specific) for: Logic specific to certain APIs or groups of routes (e.g., API versioning, specific header manipulation, rate limiting on a particular endpoint).

Global Filter Check

Consider a Spring Cloud Gateway application. Which statement is TRUE about Global Filters?

Global Filters & Factories Recap

We've explored Global Filters, which apply to all requests, and learned how to create a custom one. We also introduced GatewayFilterFactory, which offers reusable, configurable filters for specific routes.

Understanding these filter types and when to use them is crucial for building powerful and flexible API Gateways with Spring Cloud Gateway.

Domande Frequenti

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Sì — il testo completo di «Filtri globali e GatewayFilterFactory» è gratuito qui sul web. Per esercitarvi in modo interattivo (un editor di codice integrato e un tutor IA 24/7) e sbloccare il resto del corso API Gateway & Reverse Proxy (Nginx + Spring Cloud Gateway), passa a CoddyKit PRO. Il corso API Gateway & Reverse Proxy (Nginx + Spring Cloud Gateway) include 4 lezioni in totale.

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Comprenda il concetto di filtri globali e impari a usare le GatewayFilterFactory integrate per applicare trasformazioni comuni. Eserciti API Gateway & Reverse Proxy (Nginx + Spring Cloud Gateway) con codice pratico che esegui direttamente nel browser, e un tutor IA 24/7 risponde alle tue domande mentre lavori sulla lezione.

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Tutte le lezioni di questo corso

  1. Filtri globali e GatewayFilterFactory
  2. Filtri personalizzati per richieste e risposte
  3. Preelaborazione e postelaborazione con i filtri
  4. I GatewayFilter integrati da conoscere
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