Web3 & DApp Development Fundamentals · Pelajaran

Membaca Data Kontrak

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Bagian dari pelajaran ini belum diterjemahkan dan ditampilkan dalam bahasa Inggris.

Calling View Functions

Reading data from a contract is free — it does not change state, cost gas, or require a signature. These are view and pure functions.

With ethers.js you attach to a deployed contract and call them like normal JavaScript methods.

You Need the ABI

To talk to a contract, ethers needs its ABI — the interface describing each function. You can use the full compiled ABI or a minimal human-readable one:

const abi = [
  "function name() view returns (string)",
  "function balanceOf(address) view returns (uint256)",
];

const abi = [
  "function name() view returns (string)",
  "function balanceOf(address) view returns (uint256)",
];

Creating a Contract Instance

Combine the address, ABI, and a provider to create a read-only contract object:

const contract = new ethers.Contract(
  tokenAddress,
  abi,
  provider
);

Because it was given a provider (not a signer), it can only read.

const contract = new ethers.Contract(
  tokenAddress,
  abi,
  provider
);

Calling a Read Method

Call any view function and await the result:

const name = await contract.name();
const supply = await contract.totalSupply();
console.log(name, supply);

Each call returns a Promise that resolves to the decoded value.

const name = await contract.name();
const supply = await contract.totalSupply();
console.log(name, supply);

Passing Arguments

View functions can take parameters. Pass them like normal function arguments:

const balance = await contract.balanceOf(
  "0xUserAddress"
);
console.log(ethers.formatUnits(balance, 18));

ethers encodes the arguments according to the ABI types automatically.

const balance = await contract.balanceOf(
  "0xUserAddress"
);
console.log(ethers.formatUnits(balance, 18));

Handling Returned Numbers

Numeric returns are BigInt in ethers v6. To display token amounts, convert with the right decimals:

const raw = await contract.balanceOf(user);
const human = ethers.formatUnits(raw, 18);

Use formatUnits/parseUnits for tokens, formatEther/parseEther for ETH (18 decimals).

const raw = await contract.balanceOf(user);
const human = ethers.formatUnits(raw, 18);

Returns with Multiple Values

If a function returns several values, ethers gives you a result array you can destructure:

const [reserve0, reserve1, timestamp] =
  await pair.getReserves();
console.log(reserve0, reserve1);

Named return values are also accessible by name on the result object.

const [reserve0, reserve1, timestamp] =
  await pair.getReserves();
console.log(reserve0, reserve1);

Reading at a Past Block

You can query historical state by passing a block tag as an override:

const oldBalance = await contract.balanceOf(
  user,
  { blockTag: 19000000 }
);

This requires an archive node, but lets you reconstruct past state.

const oldBalance = await contract.balanceOf(
  user,
  { blockTag: 19000000 }
);

Static Calls on Write Functions

Sometimes you want to simulate a state-changing function without sending it, to read its would-be result or check it does not revert:

const result = await contract.transfer
  .staticCall(to, amount);
console.log("Would return:", result);

This runs the call locally without broadcasting a transaction.

const result = await contract.transfer
  .staticCall(to, amount);
console.log("Would return:", result);

Reads Are Free

Because view calls execute on the node without changing state:

They cost no gas for the caller.
They need no signer or wallet approval.
They return almost instantly.

Only state changes require a transaction and gas.

Using a Hardhat-Attached Instance

In Hardhat scripts you can attach to a deployed address without writing the ABI by hand, since artifacts are already compiled:

const token = await ethers.getContractAt(
  "MyToken",
  deployedAddress
);
console.log(await token.totalSupply());

ethers loads the ABI from the artifact for you.

const token = await ethers.getContractAt(
  "MyToken",
  deployedAddress
);
console.log(await token.totalSupply());

Quick Check

Test your understanding of reading contract data.

Recap

You learned to read on-chain data.

Create a contract with address + ABI + provider for read-only access.
Call view functions like normal methods and await the result.
Numeric returns are BigInt; convert with formatUnits/formatEther.
Destructure multiple return values; query the past with blockTag.
Use staticCall to simulate write functions; reads are free.

Pertanyaan yang Sering Diajukan

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Apa yang akan aku pelajari di “Membaca Data Kontrak”?

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