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tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs · Pelajaran

Pengubah Data untuk Serialisasi

Manfaatkan pengubah data tRPC untuk melakukan serialisasi dan deserialisasi tipe data khusus seperti Dates atau BigInts.

Pengubah Data untuk Serialisasi adalah pelajaran tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs gratis di CoddyKit. Ini adalah pelajaran 3 dari 4. Kamu bisa membaca pelajaran lengkapnya di bawah secara gratis — lalu praktikkan langsung di browser dengan editor kode bawaan dan tutor AI 24/7. Ini adalah bagian dari jalur belajar tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs, dan progresmu tersinkronisasi di web dan aplikasi CoddyKit. Kursus tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs mencakup 4 pelajaran total.

Bagian dari pelajaran ini belum diterjemahkan dan ditampilkan dalam bahasa Inggris.

What are Data Transformers?

When building APIs, data often needs to be sent between different systems. This process is called serialization (converting data to a transportable format like JSON) and deserialization (converting it back).

tRPC's data transformers help handle complex data types that JSON doesn't natively support, ensuring they arrive on the client side just as they left the server.

JSON's Data Type Limits

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is great, but it has limitations. It natively supports strings, numbers, booleans, null, objects, and arrays.

  • Dates: JSON represents dates as strings, losing their Date object functionality.
  • BigInts: Large integer numbers (BigInt) are not a native JSON type.
  • Maps, Sets, RegExps: These also don't have direct JSON representations.

Without transformers, these types can break or change unexpectedly when sent via tRPC.

Default tRPC Serialization

By default, tRPC uses standard JSON JSON.stringify() and JSON.parse() for data transfer. This means any data types not supported by JSON will be converted to their closest JSON representation.

For example, a JavaScript Date object will become an ISO 8601 string, and a BigInt will throw an error if not handled.

Introducing SuperJSON

To overcome JSON's limitations, tRPC allows you to plug in a custom data transformer. The most popular choice is superjson.

superjson is a library that extends JSON's capabilities, allowing it to serialize and deserialize many common JavaScript types, including Date, BigInt, Map, Set, and more, while preserving their original type.

Server Setup with SuperJSON

Integrating superjson on the server is straightforward. You pass it to initTRPC when initializing your tRPC instance. This tells tRPC to use superjson for all serialization.

First, install it: npm install superjson

import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import superjson from 'superjson';

// Initialize tRPC with superjson transformer
export const t = initTRPC.context().transformer(superjson).create();

// Example of a tRPC router definition (conceptual):
// export const appRouter = t.router({
//   hello: t.procedure.query(() => {
//     return { message: 'Hello, tRPC!', now: new Date() };
//   }),
// });

Client Setup with SuperJSON

On the client side, you also need to tell your tRPC client to use superjson. This ensures that the data received from the server is correctly deserialized back into its original JavaScript types.

The setup varies slightly depending on your client (e.g., React Query, vanilla client).

import { createTRPCReact } from '@trpc/react-query';
import superjson from 'superjson';
// import type { AppRouter } from '../server/trpc'; // Adjust path

// Initialize tRPC client with superjson transformer
export const trpc = createTRPCReact<any>({
  transformer: superjson,
});

// Example client usage (conceptual):
// function MyComponent() {
//   const hello = trpc.hello.useQuery();
//   if (hello.data) {
//     console.log(hello.data.now instanceof Date); // true!
//   }
//   return <p>...</p>;
// }

Dates: Before & After

Let's see how superjson handles a Date object. Without it, a Date becomes a string. With superjson, it remains a Date object.

Run this example to see the serialization and deserialization process:

import superjson from 'superjson';

function main() {
  const originalDate = new Date();
  console.log("Original:", originalDate.toISOString());
  console.log("Is Date (original):", originalDate instanceof Date);

  // Simulate serialization (like tRPC server would do)
  const serialized = superjson.stringify({ date: originalDate });
  console.log("Serialized:", serialized);

  // Simulate deserialization (like tRPC client would do)
  const deserialized = superjson.parse(serialized) as { date: Date };
  console.log("Deserialized:", deserialized.date.toISOString());
  console.log("Is Date (deserialized):", deserialized.date instanceof Date);
}

main();

BigInts: From String to Type

BigInt values are used for integers larger than Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER. JSON doesn't support them. superjson correctly serializes them as strings and deserializes them back into BigInt types.

Try this example:

import superjson from 'superjson';

function main() {
  const originalBigInt = 9007199254740991n + 100n; // A BigInt
  console.log("Original:", originalBigInt);
  console.log("Type (original):", typeof originalBigInt);

  // Simulate serialization
  const serialized = superjson.stringify({ value: originalBigInt });
  console.log("Serialized:", serialized);

  // Simulate deserialization
  const deserialized = superjson.parse(serialized) as { value: bigint };
  console.log("Deserialized:", deserialized.value);
  console.log("Type (deserialized):", typeof deserialized.value);
  console.log("Is equal:", originalBigInt === deserialized.value);
}

main();

Beyond Dates & BigInts

superjson isn't just for Date and BigInt. It also supports many other JavaScript types:

  • Map and Set
  • RegExp
  • Error objects
  • URL objects
  • Even custom classes (with some configuration!)

This makes superjson a powerful tool for maintaining type fidelity across your tRPC application.

Transformer Check

Imagine you have a tRPC procedure that returns a JavaScript Date object and a BigInt. Which of the following statements are true about using superjson transformers in tRPC?

Recap: Data Transformers

In this lesson, we learned about tRPC's data transformers, specifically focusing on superjson.

  • JSON's limitations prevent native serialization of types like Date and BigInt.
  • superjson provides a robust solution to serialize and deserialize these complex types, preserving their original form.
  • It requires configuration on both the tRPC server and client.
  • superjson supports many other types beyond Dates and BigInts, enhancing type safety across your application.

This ensures your data remains consistent and type-safe from end-to-end!

Pertanyaan yang Sering Diajukan

Apakah pelajaran “Pengubah Data untuk Serialisasi” gratis?

Ya — teks lengkap “Pengubah Data untuk Serialisasi” gratis dibaca di sini di web. Untuk praktiknya secara interaktif (editor kode bawaan dan tutor AI 24/7) dan buka sisa kursus tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs, upgrade ke CoddyKit PRO. Kursus tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs mencakup 4 pelajaran total.

Apa yang akan aku pelajari di “Pengubah Data untuk Serialisasi”?

Manfaatkan pengubah data tRPC untuk melakukan serialisasi dan deserialisasi tipe data khusus seperti Dates atau BigInts. Kamu berlatih tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs dengan kode praktik yang langsung kamu jalankan di browser, dan tutor AI 24/7 menjawab pertanyaanmu saat kamu mengerjakan pelajaran ini.

Apakah aku perlu pengalaman untuk memulai tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs?

Tidak diperlukan pengalaman sebelumnya. tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs di CoddyKit dirancang untuk pemula hingga pelajar tingkat lanjut, jadi kamu bisa memulai di sini atau dari awal dan belajar sesuai kecepatan kamu sendiri. Ini adalah pelajaran 3 dari 4.

Berapa lama pelajaran “Pengubah Data untuk Serialisasi” memakan waktu?

Sebagian besar pelajaran CoddyKit memakan waktu sekitar 5–10 menit. Setiap pelajaran ringkas dan interaktif, jadi kamu membuat kemajuan stabil dan melanjutkan dari tempat kamu tinggalkan di web dan aplikasi.

Bisakah aku menulis dan menjalankan kode dalam pelajaran tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs ini?

Ya. Setiap pelajaran tRPC End-to-End Type Safe APIs menyertakan editor kode bawaan, jadi kamu menulis dan menjalankan kode nyata langsung di browser dan mendapatkan umpan balik AI instan — tidak diperlukan penyiapan lokal.

Semua pelajaran dalam kursus ini

  1. Menangani Kesalahan tRPC dengan Baik
  2. Tipe Kesalahan Khusus
  3. Pengubah Data untuk Serialisasi
  4. Memformat Error dan Umpan Balik Validasi Tingkat Field
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