Tipe Union dan Irisan

Fitur Tipe Baru

object Main:
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println("Union: A | B, Intersection: A & B")

Dasar-Dasar Tipe Union

object Main:
  def show(x: Int | String): String = x match
    case i: Int    => s"int $i"
    case s: String => s"str $s"

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(show(42))
    println(show("hi"))

Union Tidak Memerlukan Supertipe Bersama

object Main:
  def parse(input: Int | Boolean): String =
    input match
      case n: Int     => s"number $n"
      case b: Boolean => s"flag $b"

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(parse(7))
    println(parse(true))

Union untuk Pemodelan Error

case object NotFound

object Main:
  def lookup(id: Int): String | NotFound.type =
    if id == 1 then "Alice" else NotFound

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(lookup(1))
    println(lookup(2))

Dasar-Dasar Tipe Irisan

trait Named:
  def name: String
trait Aged:
  def age: Int

object Main:
  def describe(p: Named & Aged): String =
    s"${p.name} is ${p.age}"

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    val person = new Named with Aged:
      def name = "Bob"
      def age = 40
    println(describe(person))

Irisan Bersifat Komutatif

trait Readable:
  def read: String
trait Writable:
  def write(s: String): Unit

object Main:
  def use(r: Readable & Writable): Unit =
    r.write("x")
    println(r.read)

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    val rw = new Readable with Writable:
      def read = "data"
      def write(s: String) = println(s"wrote $s")
    use(rw)

Menggabungkan Banyak Trait

trait A: def a: Int
trait B: def b: Int
trait C: def c: Int

object Main:
  def sum(x: A & B & C): Int = x.a + x.b + x.c

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    val v = new A with B with C:
      def a = 1
      def b = 2
      def c = 3
    println(sum(v))

Alias Tipe untuk Union

type Json = Int | String | Boolean

object Main:
  def render(j: Json): String = j match
    case i: Int     => i.toString
    case s: String  => s"\"$s\""
    case b: Boolean => b.toString

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(render("hi"))
    println(render(true))

Pencocokan Menyeluruh pada Union

type Shape = "circle" | "square"

object Main:
  def sides(s: Shape): Int = s match
    case "circle" => 0
    case "square" => 4

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(sides("square"))

Pelebaran Union

object Main:
  def pick(flag: Boolean): Int | String =
    if flag then 1 else "one"

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    val x: Int | String = pick(false)
    println(x)

Kapan Menggunakan Masing-Masing

trait Logger: def log(s: String): Unit
trait Clock:  def now: Long

object Main:
  def run(env: Logger & Clock): Unit =
    env.log(s"time=${env.now}")

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    val env = new Logger with Clock:
      def log(s: String) = println(s)
      def now = 100L
    run(env)

Pemeriksaan Singkat

Ringkasan

object Main:
  def length(x: String | List[Int]): Int = x match
    case s: String    => s.length
    case l: List[Int] => l.length

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    println(length("hello"))
    println(length(List(1, 2, 3)))