Memilih Fungsi Cakupan yang Tepat: Panduan Keputusan

class Config {
    var host: String = ""
    var port: Int = 0
}
fun main() {
    val cfg = Config().apply {
        host = "localhost"
        port = 8080
    }
    println("${cfg.host}:${cfg.port}")
}

fun main() {
    val items = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
        .also { println("got ${it.size} items") }
        .filter { it % 2 == 0 }
    println(items)
}

fun main() {
    val name: String? = "Ada"
    val length = name?.let { it.length } ?: 0
    println(length)
}

class User(val name: String, val age: Int)
fun main() {
    val description = User("Ada", 35).run {
        "Name: $name, Age: $age"
    }
    println(description)
}

class Builder {
    val parts = mutableListOf<String>()
    fun add(s: String) { parts.add(s) }
    fun build(): String = parts.joinToString("-")
}
fun main() {
    val b = Builder()
    val result = with(b) {
        add("hello")
        add("kotlin")
        build()
    }
    println(result) // hello-kotlin
}

class Box { var w = 0; var h = 0; fun area() = w * h }
fun main() {
    // Configure and return Box -> apply
    val box = Box().apply { w = 3; h = 4 }
    // Compute area from box -> let or run
    val area = box.let { it.area() }
    // Side effect, keep box -> also
    val sameBox = box.also { println("area=${it.area()}") }
    println("$box / $area / $sameBox")
}

class Item { var name = "" }
fun main() {
    val a = Item().apply { name = "apply" } // implicit this
    val b = Item().also { it.name = "also" } // explicit it
    println("${a.name} / ${b.name}")
}

class Calculator(val a: Int, val b: Int) {
    fun sum() = a + b
    fun product() = a * b
}
fun main() {
    val calc = Calculator(3, 4)
    val s = calc.let { it.sum() }                  // simple
    val combo = calc.run { "sum=${sum()} product=${product()}" } // multi-member
    println("$s / $combo")
}

class Request(var url: String = "", var headers: Map<String, String> = emptyMap())
fun main() {
    val response = Request()
        .apply {
            url = "https://api.example.com"
            headers = mapOf("Accept" to "json")
        }
        .also { println("request: ${it.url}") }
        .let { req -> "GET ${req.url}" }
    println(response)
}

// apply: this, returns receiver — configure object
// also: it, returns receiver — side effects in chain
// let: it, returns lambda result — transform / null-safety
// run: this, returns lambda result — multi-member compute
// with: this, returns lambda result — group operations on existing obj
fun main() { println("Scope functions: pick by receiver style + return value") }