प्रोटोकॉल-आधारित अमूर्तीकरण

protocol Logging { func log(_ m: String) }
struct ConsoleLogger: Logging {
    func log(_ m: String) { print("LOG: \(m)") }
}
ConsoleLogger().log("ready")

protocol Logging { func log(_ m: String) }
struct ConsoleLogger: Logging { func log(_ m: String) { print(m) } }
struct Service {
    let logger: Logging // protocol, not ConsoleLogger
    func run() { logger.log("running") }
}
Service(logger: ConsoleLogger()).run()

protocol Logging { func log(_ m: String) }
struct Loud: Logging { func log(_ m: String) { print(m.uppercased()) } }
struct Quiet: Logging { func log(_ m: String) {} }
struct Service { let logger: Logging; func run() { logger.log("hi") } }
Service(logger: Loud()).run()
Service(logger: Quiet()).run()

protocol Storage { func save(_ v: Int) }
struct MemoryStore: Storage { func save(_ v: Int) { print("kept \(v)") } }
struct Manager { let store: Storage; func add() { store.save(1) } }
Manager(store: MemoryStore()).add()

protocol Source { func value() -> Int }
struct Fixed: Source { func value() -> Int { 10 } }
struct Doubler: Source { func value() -> Int { 20 } }
func use(_ s: Source) { print(s.value()) }
use(Fixed())
use(Doubler())

protocol Cache {
    func get(_ key: String) -> Int?
    func set(_ key: String, _ v: Int)
}
struct Dict: Cache {
    var store: [String: Int] = [:]
    func get(_ k: String) -> Int? { store[k] }
    mutating func set(_ k: String, _ v: Int) { store[k] = v }
}
var c = Dict(); c.set("a", 1)
print(c.get("a") ?? -1)

protocol Greeter { func greet() -> String }
struct English: Greeter { func greet() -> String { "Hello" } }
struct Welcome<G: Greeter> {
    let greeter: G
    func show() { print(greeter.greet()) }
}
Welcome(greeter: English()).show()

protocol Formatter { func format(_ n: Int) -> String }
struct Plain: Formatter { func format(_ n: Int) -> String { "\(n)" } }
struct Padded: Formatter { func format(_ n: Int) -> String { String(format: "%03d", n) } }
func render(_ f: Formatter) { print(f.format(7)) }
render(Plain())
render(Padded())

protocol Network { func fetch() -> String }
struct Real: Network { func fetch() -> String { "server data" } }
struct VM { let net: Network; func load() { print(net.fetch()) } }
VM(net: Real()).load()