कंस्ट्रक्टर इंजेक्शन

struct Engine { let hp: Int }
struct Car {
    let engine: Engine // cannot change later
    init(engine: Engine) { self.engine = engine }
}
let c = Car(engine: Engine(hp: 150))
print(c.engine.hp)

struct DB { func get() -> Int { 7 } }
struct Cache { func put(_ v: Int) { print("cached \(v)") } }
struct Service {
    let db: DB
    let cache: Cache
    init(db: DB, cache: Cache) { self.db = db; self.cache = cache }
    func run() { cache.put(db.get()) }
}
Service(db: DB(), cache: Cache()).run()

struct Logger { func log(_ m: String) { print(m) } }
struct Service {
    let logger: Logger
    init(logger: Logger = Logger()) { self.logger = logger }
    func run() { logger.log("go") }
}
Service().run() // uses default

class Mailer { func send() { print("sent") } }
class Signup {
    let mailer: Mailer
    init(mailer: Mailer) { self.mailer = mailer }
    func go() { mailer.send() }
}
Signup(mailer: Mailer()).go()

struct Client {
    let baseURL: String
    init(baseURL: String) { self.baseURL = baseURL }
    func endpoint(_ p: String) -> String { baseURL + p }
}
print(Client(baseURL: "https://api").endpoint("/users"))

struct DB { func count() -> Int { 3 } }
struct Repo { let db: DB; func n() -> Int { db.count() } }
struct App { let repo: Repo; func run() { print(repo.n()) } }
// Composition root:
let app = App(repo: Repo(db: DB()))
app.run()

struct Settings { let theme: String }
struct Screen {
    let settings: Settings
    func render() { print("Theme: \(settings.theme)") }
}
Screen(settings: Settings(theme: "dark")).render()

struct Analytics { func track() { print("tracked") } }
struct Flow {
    let analytics: Analytics?
    func step() { analytics?.track() }
}
Flow(analytics: Analytics()).step()
Flow(analytics: nil).step()

struct Adder { func add(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int { a + b } }
struct Calc {
    let adder: Adder
    init(adder: Adder) { self.adder = adder }
}
print(Calc(adder: Adder()).adder.add(4, 5))