@property डेकोरेटर

class Circle:
    def __init__(self, r): self._r = r
    @property
    def radius(self): return self._r
c = Circle(5)
print(c.radius)  # no ()

import math
class Circle:
    def __init__(self, r): self._r = r
    @property
    def area(self): return math.pi * self._r**2
c = Circle(5)
print(round(c.area, 2))

class Circle:
    def __init__(self, r): self._r = r
    @property
    def radius(self): return self._r
    @radius.setter
    def radius(self, val):
        if val <= 0: raise ValueError('radius must be positive')
        self._r = val
c = Circle(5)
c.radius = 10
print(c.radius)

class User:
    def __init__(self, name): self._name = name
    @property
    def name(self): return self._name
    @name.deleter
    def name(self): del self._name
u = User('Alice')
del u.name
print(hasattr(u, '_name'))

class Const:
    def __init__(self, v): self._v = v
    @property
    def value(self): return self._v
c = Const(42)
print(c.value)
try: c.value = 99
except AttributeError as e: print(e)

class BoundedInt:
    def __init__(self, lo, hi): self.lo,self.hi=lo,hi; self._v=lo
    @property
    def value(self): return self._v
    @value.setter
    def value(self, v):
        if not self.lo <= v <= self.hi:
            raise ValueError(f'{v} out of [{self.lo},{self.hi}]')
        self._v = v
b = BoundedInt(0, 10)
b.value = 5
print(b.value)

class Expensive:
    _cache = None
    @property
    def result(self):
        if self._cache is None:
            self._cache = sum(range(1000))
        return self._cache
e = Expensive()
print(e.result)
print(e.result)

from functools import cached_property
import math
class Circle:
    def __init__(self, r): self.r = r
    @cached_property
    def area(self): return math.pi * self.r**2
c = Circle(5)
print(round(c.area, 2))

class Point:
    __slots__ = ('_x', '_y')
    def __init__(self, x, y): self._x,self._y=x,y
    @property
    def x(self): return self._x
p = Point(1, 2)
print(p.x)

# Before: class Person:
#     def __init__(self, age): self.age = age
# After: add validation without changing caller code
class Person:
    def __init__(self, age): self.age = age
    @property
    def age(self): return self._age
    @age.setter
    def age(self, v):
        if v < 0: raise ValueError('negative age')
        self._age = v
p = Person(30)
print(p.age)