LIKE पैटर्न और वाइल्डकार्ड

SELECT email FROM users WHERE email LIKE 'a%';        -- starts with a
SELECT email FROM users WHERE email LIKE '%@gmail.com'; -- ends with @gmail.com
SELECT email FROM users WHERE email LIKE '%admin%';     -- contains admin

-- 6-char SKU starting with A:
SELECT * FROM products WHERE sku LIKE 'A_____';

-- US zip+4:
SELECT * FROM addresses WHERE zip LIKE '_____-____';

SELECT * FROM users WHERE email LIKE  '%@gmail.com';  -- ✗ misses @GMAIL.com
SELECT * FROM users WHERE email ILIKE '%@gmail.com';  -- ✓

-- Match strings that contain '50%':
SELECT * FROM coupons WHERE code LIKE '%50\%%';

-- Custom escape character:
SELECT * FROM coupons WHERE code LIKE '%50!%%' ESCAPE '!';

-- Uses index (prefix is fixed):
SELECT * FROM users WHERE email LIKE 'alice%';

-- Does NOT use a normal index (leading wildcard):
SELECT * FROM users WHERE email LIKE '%example.com';

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_trgm;
CREATE INDEX users_email_trgm_idx ON users USING GIN (email gin_trgm_ops);

SELECT * FROM users WHERE email LIKE '%example%';  -- now indexable

SELECT * FROM emails WHERE subject NOT LIKE 'RE:%';

-- SIMILAR TO — SQL regex (rarely used)
SELECT 'abc' SIMILAR TO '%(a|b)%';      -- TRUE

-- POSIX regex:
SELECT 'abc123' ~ '^[a-z]+[0-9]+$';     -- TRUE
SELECT 'ABC'    ~* 'abc';                -- TRUE (case insensitive)

-- Escape user input's special chars before concatenating to LIKE pattern,
-- or use to_tsquery for word-level search.

SELECT * FROM products
WHERE LOWER(name) LIKE LOWER('%' || $1 || '%');