xpcall और संदेश हैंडलर

local function errorHandler(err)
  local trace = debug.traceback(err, 2)
  local ts = os.date("%H:%M:%S")
  local report = string.format("[%s] ERROR\n%s", ts, trace)
  -- Could log to file here
  io.stderr:write(report .. "\n")
  return report
end

local ok, msg = xpcall(
  function()
    local t = nil
    return t.field   -- error!
  end,
  errorHandler
)
print("ok:", ok)

local function safeHandler(err)
  -- Keep handler simple and safe
  local ok, trace = pcall(debug.traceback, err, 2)
  if ok then return trace
  else return tostring(err) .. " (traceback failed)"
  end
end

local ok, msg = xpcall(
  function() error({complex="error table"}) end,
  safeHandler
)
print(ok, type(msg))

local function mainApp()
  -- simulate work
  for i = 1, 3 do
    print("Tick", i)
    if i == 2 then error("transient error") end
  end
end

local function handler(e)
  return debug.traceback("App error: "..tostring(e), 2)
end

local ok, err = xpcall(mainApp, handler)
if not ok then
  print("Application crashed:\n" .. err)
end

local function handler(err)
  local info = {
    error   = tostring(err),
    time    = os.date("!%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"),
    trace   = debug.traceback(nil, 2),
  }
  return info
end

local ok, report = xpcall(
  function() error({code=500, msg="internal error"}) end,
  handler
)

if not ok then
  print("Time:", report.time)
  print("Error:", report.error)
  -- print("Trace:", report.trace)
end

local function co_body()
  error("error inside coroutine")
end

local co = coroutine.create(function()
  local ok, err = xpcall(co_body, debug.traceback)
  if not ok then
    print("Caught in coroutine:", err:match("([^\n]+)"))
  end
end)

coroutine.resume(co)

local requestID = "req-123"

local function handler(err)
  if type(err) == "string" then
    return {message=err, requestID=requestID, level="error"}
  end
  err.requestID = requestID
  return err
end

local ok, result = xpcall(
  function() error("database timeout") end,
  handler
)

if not ok then
  print(result.message, result.requestID)
  -- database timeout  req-123
end

-- pcall: simple, no overhead
local ok, err = pcall(function()
  return 1/0   -- no error in Lua! returns inf
end)
print(ok, err)   -- true  inf

-- xpcall: adds traceback
local ok2, err2 = xpcall(
  function() error("real error") end,
  debug.traceback
)
print(ok2)       -- false
print(err2:sub(1,40))  -- first line of traceback

local function enrichedHandler(err)
  return {
    original = err,
    traceback = debug.traceback(nil, 2),
    timestamp = os.time(),
  }
end

local ok, report = xpcall(
  function() error("oops") end,
  enrichedHandler
)

if not ok then
  print(type(report))          -- table
  print(report.original)       -- ...: oops
  print(report.timestamp > 0)  -- true
end