pcall से सुरक्षित कॉल

local function compute(a, b)
  return a + b, a * b, a - b
end

local ok, sum, product, diff = pcall(compute, 6, 4)
if ok then
  print("sum:", sum, "product:", product, "diff:", diff)
  -- sum: 10  product: 24  diff: 2
end

local function tryPrimary()
  error("primary failed")
end

local function tryFallback()
  return "fallback result"
end

local ok, result = pcall(tryPrimary)
if not ok then
  print("Primary failed:", result)
  ok, result = pcall(tryFallback)
end

if ok then print("Got:", result) end  -- fallback result

local obj = {
  x = 10,
  compute = function(self, n)
    if n == 0 then error("zero divisor") end
    return self.x / n
  end
}

-- Pass method + self explicitly
local ok, v = pcall(obj.compute, obj, 2)
print(ok, v)   -- true  5.0

-- Or use a closure
ok, v = pcall(function() return obj:compute(0) end)
print(ok, v)   -- false  ...zero divisor

local function safeRead(path)
  local ok, result = pcall(function()
    local f = assert(io.open(path, "r"))
    local content = f:read("a")
    f:close()
    return content
  end)
  if ok then return result
  else return nil, result
  end
end

local data, err = safeRead("config.txt")
if data then print("Read", #data, "bytes")
else print("Error:", err)
end

local function retry(fn, maxAttempts)
  local attempts = 0
  while attempts < maxAttempts do
    attempts = attempts + 1
    local ok, result = pcall(fn)
    if ok then
      print("Succeeded on attempt", attempts)
      return result
    end
    print("Attempt", attempts, "failed:", result)
  end
  error("all " .. maxAttempts .. " attempts failed")
end

local n = 0
retry(function()
  n = n + 1
  if n < 3 then error("not ready") end
  return "done"
end, 5)

local jobs = {10, -5, 25, 0, 16}
local results = {}

for _, n in ipairs(jobs) do
  local ok, v = pcall(function()
    if n < 0 then error("negative") end
    return math.sqrt(n)
  end)
  results[#results+1] = {input=n, ok=ok, value=v}
end

for _, r in ipairs(results) do
  if r.ok then
    print(r.input, "->", string.format("%.3f", r.value))
  else
    print(r.input, "-> ERROR:", r.value)
  end
end

-- pcall: simple, no traceback
local ok1, err1 = pcall(function()
  error("simple error")
end)
print(err1)   -- only the error message

-- xpcall: with traceback handler
local ok2, err2 = xpcall(
  function() error("traced error") end,
  function(e) return debug.traceback(e, 2) end
)
print(err2)   -- full stack trace

local function loadJSON(path)
  local ok, result = pcall(function()
    local f = assert(io.open(path, "r"))
    local text = f:read("a")
    f:close()
    -- Fake JSON parse for demo
    return {data = text, path = path}
  end)
  if ok then return result
  else return nil, result
  end
end

local data, err = loadJSON("data.json")
if data then print("Loaded:", data.path)
else print("Failed:", err)
end