Tasks Submit करना: Runnable बनाम Callable

import java.util.concurrent.*;

// Runnable — no return value
Runnable r = () -> System.out.println("Running");

// Callable<Integer> — returns a value
Callable<Integer> c = () -> {
    return 42; // or do computation
};

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

Future<?> future = pool.submit(() ->
    System.out.println("Task done on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())
);

future.get(); // waits for completion; returns null
System.out.println("Task confirmed complete");
pool.shutdown();

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

Callable<Integer> sumTask = () -> {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) sum += i;
    return sum;
};

Future<Integer> future = pool.submit(sumTask);
Integer result = future.get(); // blocks until done
System.out.println("Sum 1..100 = " + result); // 5050
pool.shutdown();

List<Callable<String>> tasks = List.of(
    () -> "Result A",
    () -> "Result B",
    () -> "Result C"
);

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
List<Future<String>> futures = pool.invokeAll(tasks);

for (Future<String> f : futures) {
    System.out.println(f.get());
}
pool.shutdown();

List<Callable<String>> candidates = List.of(
    () -> { Thread.sleep(200); return "Slow"; },
    () -> { Thread.sleep(50);  return "Fast"; },
    () -> { Thread.sleep(100); return "Medium"; }
);

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
String winner = pool.invokeAny(candidates);
System.out.println("First: " + winner); // Fast
pool.shutdown();

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

// execute: exception silently lost
pool.execute(() -> { throw new RuntimeException("Oops!"); });

// submit: exception captured in Future
Future<?> f = pool.submit(() -> { throw new RuntimeException("Oops!"); });
try {
    f.get();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
    System.out.println("Caught: " + e.getCause().getMessage());
}
pool.shutdown();

Callable<String> dbQuery = () -> {
    // This compiles fine — checked exception is declared on Callable.call()
    if (Math.random() < 0.5) throw new java.sql.SQLException("DB error");
    return "row data";
};

Future<String> f = pool.submit(dbQuery);
try {
    String data = f.get();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
    if (e.getCause() instanceof java.sql.SQLException) {
        System.out.println("DB failed: " + e.getCause().getMessage());
    }
}

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

Future<Long> sumFuture  = pool.submit(() -> LongStream.rangeClosed(1,1_000_000).sum());
Future<Long> prodFuture = pool.submit(() -> LongStream.rangeClosed(1,20).reduce(1L, (a,b)->a*b));

long sum  = sumFuture.get();
long prod = prodFuture.get();
System.out.println("Sum: " + sum + ", 20!: " + prod);
pool.shutdown();

int N = 8;
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(N);
List<Future<Integer>> futures = new ArrayList<>();

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    final int chunk = i;
    futures.add(pool.submit(() -> chunk * chunk)); // i^2
}

int total = 0;
for (Future<Integer> f : futures) total += f.get();
System.out.println("Sum of squares: " + total);
pool.shutdown();

Future<String> f = pool.submit(() -> {
    Thread.sleep(5000); // slow task
    return "done";
});
try {
    String result = f.get(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
} catch (TimeoutException e) {
    System.out.println("Task timed out");
    f.cancel(true); // interrupt the task
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
    System.out.println("Task failed: " + e.getCause());
}