ExecutorService और Thread Pool के प्रकार

import java.util.concurrent.*;

// Bad practice: new thread per task
new Thread(() -> System.out.println("task")).start();

// Better: reuse threads from a pool
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
pool.submit(() -> System.out.println("task from pool"));
pool.shutdown();

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    final int taskId = i;
    pool.submit(() -> {
        System.out.println("Task " + taskId + " on " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
    });
}

pool.shutdown();
pool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

ExecutorService cached = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();

for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    cached.submit(() -> {
        // quick task
        double result = Math.sqrt(Math.random());
    });
}
cached.shutdown();

ExecutorService single = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();

single.submit(() -> System.out.println("Task 1"));
single.submit(() -> System.out.println("Task 2"));
single.submit(() -> System.out.println("Task 3"));
// Always prints: Task 1, Task 2, Task 3 (sequential)
single.shutdown();

ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);

// One-shot delay
scheduler.schedule(() -> System.out.println("Delayed!"),
    3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

// Fixed rate (every 2 seconds)
scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(
    () -> System.out.println("Tick"),
    0, 2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

// Run later: scheduler.shutdown();

// Java 21+
try (var exec = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor()) {
    for (int i = 0; i < 10_000; i++) {
        final int id = i;
        exec.submit(() -> {
            Thread.sleep(100); // blocks without tying up OS thread
            System.out.println("vthread " + id);
        });
    }
} // auto-shutdown

int cores = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
ExecutorService cpuPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cores);
System.out.println("Pool size: " + cores);

ThreadPoolExecutor tpe = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
    2,           // corePoolSize
    10,          // maximumPoolSize
    60L,         // keepAliveTime
    TimeUnit.SECONDS,
    new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(100), // work queue
    Executors.defaultThreadFactory(),
    new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy() // rejection policy
);
tpe.submit(() -> System.out.println("Custom pool task"));
tpe.shutdown();

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
// ... submit tasks ...

pool.shutdown(); // no new tasks
try {
    if (!pool.awaitTermination(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
        pool.shutdownNow(); // force cancel
    }
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    pool.shutdownNow();
    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}

// Java 19+ (preview), Java 21 stable
try (ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4)) {
    pool.submit(() -> System.out.println("task"));
} // pool.close() called: waits for tasks then shuts down