NumberFormat और printf

String name = "Alice";
int score = 95;
double avg = 87.567;

String msg = String.format(
    "Player: %s | Score: %d | Average: %.2f", name, score, avg);
System.out.println(msg);
// Player: Alice | Score: 95 | Average: 87.57

// printf is equivalent — formats directly to output
System.out.printf("%-10s %5d %8.2f%n", name, score, avg);
// Alice          95    87.57

// Table layout with padding
System.out.printf("%-20s %10s %10s%n", "Product", "Qty", "Price");
System.out.printf("%-20s %10d %10.2f%n", "Java Book", 3, 49.99);
System.out.printf("%-20s %10d %10.2f%n", "USB Hub", 1, 24.95);
System.out.printf("%-20s %10d %10.2f%n", "Mechanical Keyboard", 2, 129.00);

// Zero-padding for order IDs
int orderId = 42;
System.out.printf("Order: ORD-%08d%n", orderId); // Order: ORD-00000042

import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

NumberFormat usd = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.US);
NumberFormat eur = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.GERMANY);
NumberFormat gbp = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.UK);

double amount = 1234567.89;
System.out.println(usd.format(amount)); // $1,234,567.89
System.out.println(eur.format(amount)); // 1.234.567,89 EUR
System.out.println(gbp.format(amount)); // GBP1,234,567.89

import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

NumberFormat pct = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(Locale.US);
pct.setMaximumFractionDigits(1);

System.out.println(pct.format(0.75));     // 75%
System.out.println(pct.format(0.1234));   // 12.3%
System.out.println(pct.format(1.0));      // 100%

// Conversion rate in e-commerce
double convRate = 3_456.0 / 42_000.0;
System.out.println("Conversion: " + pct.format(convRate)); // 8.2%

import java.text.*;

DecimalFormat df1 = new DecimalFormat("#,###.00");
System.out.println(df1.format(1234567.5));  // 1,234,567.50

DecimalFormat df2 = new DecimalFormat("000.0");
System.out.println(df2.format(7.5));  // 007.5

DecimalFormat df3 = new DecimalFormat("0.00E0");
System.out.println(df3.format(0.000123)); // 1.23E-4

// Scientific notation for large values
DecimalFormat sci = new DecimalFormat("0.000E0");
System.out.println(sci.format(123456789)); // 1.235E8

import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

NumberFormat nf = NumberFormat.getInstance(Locale.GERMANY);
try {
    // German uses comma as decimal separator
    Number parsed = nf.parse("1.234,56");
    System.out.println(parsed.doubleValue()); // 1234.56

    // Parse US currency string
    NumberFormat usd = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.US);
    Number amount = usd.parse("$1,234.56");
    System.out.println(amount.doubleValue()); // 1234.56
} catch (ParseException e) {
    System.out.println("Parse error: " + e.getMessage());
}

record Product(String name, double price, int stock) {}

var products = List.of(
    new Product("Laptop", 999.0, 5),
    new Product("Mouse",  29.99, 42),
    new Product("Monitor", 349.0, 8)
);

products.stream()
    .map(p -> "%-15s $%8.2f  [stock: %d]"
        .formatted(p.name(), p.price(), p.stock()))
    .forEach(System.out::println);
// Laptop          $  999.00  [stock: 5]
// Mouse           $   29.99  [stock: 42]
// Monitor         $  349.00  [stock: 8]

import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

long users = 1_234_567;

for (Locale locale : new Locale[]{Locale.US, Locale.FRANCE, Locale.GERMANY}) {
    NumberFormat nf = NumberFormat.getIntegerInstance(locale);
    System.out.printf("%-10s: %s%n", locale, nf.format(users));
}
// en_US     : 1,234,567
// fr_FR     : 1 234 567
// de_DE     : 1.234.567

import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

NumberFormat curr = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.US);
NumberFormat pct  = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
pct.setMaximumFractionDigits(0);

double subtotal = 1259.97;
double discount = 0.10;
double discountAmt = subtotal * discount;
double taxRate = 0.08;
double taxAmt = (subtotal - discountAmt) * taxRate;
double total = subtotal - discountAmt + taxAmt;

System.out.println("=== INVOICE ===");
System.out.printf("%-20s %15s%n", "Subtotal",       curr.format(subtotal));
System.out.printf("%-20s %15s%n", "Discount (" + pct.format(discount) + ")",
    "-" + curr.format(discountAmt));
System.out.printf("%-20s %15s%n", "Tax (" + pct.format(taxRate) + ")",
    curr.format(taxAmt));
System.out.printf("%-20s %15s%n", "TOTAL", curr.format(total));

// Wrong specifier
try {
    String.format("%d", 3.14); // IllegalFormatConversionException
} catch (java.util.IllegalFormatConversionException e) {
    System.out.println("Wrong format specifier!");
}

// Thread-safe pattern using ThreadLocal
ThreadLocal<NumberFormat> localFmt = ThreadLocal
    .withInitial(() -> NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(Locale.US));
// each thread gets its own NumberFormat instance