Integer Arithmetic और Overflow

System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE); // 2147483647
System.out.println(Integer.MIN_VALUE); // -2147483648
System.out.println(Long.MAX_VALUE);    // 9223372036854775807
System.out.println(Byte.MAX_VALUE);    // 127

int max = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
System.out.println(max + 1); // -2147483648 (overflow!)

byte b = 127;
b++;  // wraps to -128
System.out.println(b); // -128

// Real bug: counting votes in a large election with int
int votes = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
votes += 100; // silently wrong
System.out.println(votes); // negative number!

try {
    int result = Math.addExact(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 1);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
    System.out.println("Overflow detected!"); // prints this
}

try {
    long safe = Math.multiplyExact(100_000L, 100_000L);
    System.out.println(safe); // 10000000000
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
    System.out.println("Multiply overflow");
}

System.out.println(10 / 3);    // 3 (not 3.33)
System.out.println(10 % 3);    // 1
System.out.println(-10 % 3);   // -1 (sign follows dividend)
System.out.println(-10 % -3);  // -1

try {
    int x = 5 / 0; // ArithmeticException: / by zero
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // / by zero
}

// Float division by zero gives Infinity, not exception
System.out.println(5.0 / 0); // Infinity

// Bug: multiplication done as int, then widened
long wrong = 1_000_000 * 1_000_000;   // overflows int!
System.out.println(wrong); // -727379968 (wrong!)

// Fix: one operand is long
long correct = 1_000_000L * 1_000_000L;
System.out.println(correct); // 1000000000000

// Or cast first
long alsOk = (long) 1_000_000 * 1_000_000;
System.out.println(alsOk); // 1000000000000

int n = 8;
System.out.println(n << 1);  // 16 (8 * 2)
System.out.println(n << 2);  // 32 (8 * 4)
System.out.println(n >> 1);  // 4  (8 / 2)
System.out.println(n >> 2);  // 2  (8 / 4)

// Check if number is power of 2
boolean isPow2 = n > 0 && (n & (n - 1)) == 0;
System.out.println(isPow2); // true

int a = 0b1010; // 10
int b = 0b1100; // 12

System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(a & b)); // 1000 (AND = 8)
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(a | b)); // 1110 (OR  = 14)
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(a ^ b)); // 0110 (XOR = 6)
System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(~a));    // ...11110101 (NOT)

// Permission flags example
int READ  = 0b001;
int WRITE = 0b010;
int EXEC  = 0b100;
int perms = READ | WRITE; // user has read+write
System.out.println((perms & EXEC) != 0); // false — no exec

int million = 1_000_000;
long creditCard = 4_111_1111_1111_1111L;
double pi = 3.141_592_653_589_793;
int hex = 0xFF_EC_D1_2E;
int binary = 0b0001_0101_0110;

System.out.println(million);   // 1000000
System.out.println(creditCard); // 4111111111111111

import java.math.BigInteger;

BigInteger factorial100 = BigInteger.ONE;
for (int i = 2; i <= 100; i++) {
    factorial100 = factorial100.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
}
System.out.println(factorial100.toString().length() + " digits"); // 158 digits

BigInteger a = new BigInteger("999999999999999999999999999999");
BigInteger b = new BigInteger("1");
System.out.println(a.add(b)); // 1000000000000000000000000000000

class SafeCounter {
    private long count = 0;

    public void increment() {
        try {
            count = Math.addExact(count, 1L);
        } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
            count = Long.MAX_VALUE; // cap at max
        }
    }

    public long get() { return count; }
}

SafeCounter sc = new SafeCounter();
sc.increment();
sc.increment();
System.out.println(sc.get()); // 2