NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs · Lección

Operaciones CRUD con TypeORM

Desarrolle funcionalidades completas de creación, lectura, actualización y eliminación para sus entidades mediante repositorios de TypeORM.

Operaciones CRUD con TypeORM es una lección gratuita de NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs en CoddyKit. Esta es la lección 2 de 3. Puedes leer la lección completa abajo gratuitamente — luego la practicas en el navegador con un editor de código integrado y un tutor de IA 24/7. Forma parte de la ruta de aprendizaje de NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs, y tu progreso se sincroniza en la web y la app de CoddyKit. El curso de NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs incluye 3 lecciones en total.

Partes de esta lección aún no han sido traducidas y se muestran en inglés.

CRUD Basics with TypeORM

Welcome! In this lesson, we'll master CRUD operations using TypeORM, a powerful Object-Relational Mapper for TypeScript.

CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These are the four fundamental operations for managing data in almost any application.

TypeORM simplifies interacting with your database by mapping database rows to TypeScript objects, making these operations intuitive.

Defining Our Product Entity

Before performing CRUD, we need an entity. An entity is a class that maps directly to a database table. Let's imagine a simple Product entity for our examples.

In TypeORM, you'd use decorators like @Entity(), @PrimaryGeneratedColumn(), and @Column() to define its structure and how it maps to your database schema.

Understanding the Repository

TypeORM uses the repository pattern. A repository is like a specialized collection that handles data access for a specific entity (e.g., a ProductRepository for Product entities).

You inject this repository into your services and use its methods to perform CRUD operations. It abstracts away the complex database queries.

Create: Adding New Products

To add new data to your database, you primarily use the .save() method of your repository. It intelligently handles both new insertions and updates to existing entities.

Here's a simplified example of creating a new product:

class Product {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  price: number;
  constructor(name: string, price: number, id: number = 0) {
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    this.price = price;
  }
}

class MockProductRepository {
  private products: Product[] = [];
  private nextId = 1;

  async save(product: Product): Promise<Product> {
    if (product.id === 0) { // Simulate new product
      product.id = this.nextId++;
      this.products.push(product);
    } else { // Simulate update
      const index = this.products.findIndex(p => p.id === product.id);
      if (index > -1) { this.products[index] = product; }
    }
    return product;
  }

  async find(): Promise<Product[]> {
    return this.products;
  }
}

async function main() {
  const repo = new MockProductRepository();
  console.log("--- Creating a Product ---");
  const newProduct = await repo.save(new Product("Keyboard", 75));
  console.log("Created:", newProduct);

  console.log("\n--- Current Products ---");
  const allProducts = await repo.find();
  console.log(allProducts);
}

main();

Read: Fetching Products

Reading data is fundamental. TypeORM repositories offer several methods to retrieve entities:

.find(): Retrieves all entities matching given criteria.
.findOneBy(): Retrieves a single entity by a simple condition (e.g., by ID).
.findBy(): Retrieves multiple entities by simple conditions.

Let's see how to find products:

class Product {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  price: number;
  constructor(name: string, price: number, id: number = 0) {
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    this.price = price;
  }
}

class MockProductRepository {
  private products: Product[] = [];
  private nextId = 1;

  async save(product: Product): Promise<Product> {
    if (product.id === 0) { product.id = this.nextId++; this.products.push(product); }
    else { const index = this.products.findIndex(p => p.id === product.id);
      if (index > -1) { this.products[index] = product; } }
    return product;
  }

  async find(): Promise<Product[]> { return this.products; }
  async findOneBy(criteria: Partial<Product>): Promise<Product | undefined> {
    return this.products.find(p =>
      Object.keys(criteria).every(key => p[key as keyof Product] === criteria[key as keyof Product])
    );
  }
}

async function main() {
  const repo = new MockProductRepository();
  const product1 = await repo.save(new Product("Mouse", 25));
  const product2 = await repo.save(new Product("Monitor", 300));

  console.log("--- Finding All Products ---");
  let allProducts = await repo.find();
  console.log("All:", allProducts);

  console.log("\n--- Finding One Product by ID ---");
  const foundProduct = await repo.findOneBy({ id: product1.id });
  console.log("Found by ID:", foundProduct);

  console.log("\n--- Finding One Product by Name ---");
  const namedProduct = await repo.findOneBy({ name: "Monitor" });
  console.log("Found by Name:", namedProduct);
}

main();

Update: Modifying Product Details

To modify existing data, you have two primary approaches:

Fetch, Modify, Save: Retrieve an entity, update its properties, then call .save() on the modified entity.
Direct Update: Use .update(criteria, partialEntity) to update specific columns for entities matching certain criteria without loading them into memory first. This is more efficient for mass updates.

class Product {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  price: number;
  constructor(name: string, price: number, id: number = 0) {
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    this.price = price;
  }
}

class MockProductRepository {
  private products: Product[] = [];
  private nextId = 1;

  async save(product: Product): Promise<Product> {
    if (product.id === 0) { product.id = this.nextId++; this.products.push(product); }
    else { const index = this.products.findIndex(p => p.id === product.id);
      if (index > -1) { this.products[index] = product; } }
    return product;
  }

  async findOneBy(criteria: Partial<Product>): Promise<Product | undefined> {
    return this.products.find(p =>
      Object.keys(criteria).every(key => p[key as keyof Product] === criteria[key as keyof Product])
    );
  }
  
  async update(id: number, partialEntity: Partial<Product>): Promise<void> {
    const index = this.products.findIndex(p => p.id === id);
    if (index > -1) {
      this.products[index] = { ...this.products[index], ...partialEntity };
    }
  }
}

async function main() {
  const repo = new MockProductRepository();
  const product = await repo.save(new Product("Headphones", 150));
  console.log("Initial product:", product);

  console.log("\n--- Updating Product Price ---");
  let fetchedProduct = await repo.findOneBy({ id: product.id });
  if (fetchedProduct) {
    fetchedProduct.price = 140; 
    await repo.save(fetchedProduct);
  }
  console.log("Updated via save:", await repo.findOneBy({ id: product.id }));

  const product2 = await repo.save(new Product("Webcam", 80));
  console.log("Initial product 2:", product2);
  await repo.update(product2.id, { price: 70, name: "HD Webcam" });
  console.log("Updated via update:", await repo.findOneBy({ id: product2.id }));
}

main();

Delete: Removing Products

To remove entities from the database, TypeORM provides .delete() and .remove():

.delete(criteria): Removes entities by ID or specific conditions. It's efficient as it doesn't load entities into memory first.
.remove(entityOrEntities): Removes entities that are already loaded into memory (i.e., you have the full entity object).

Let's remove a product from our mock database:

class Product {
  id: number;
  name: string;
  price: number;
  constructor(name: string, price: number, id: number = 0) {
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    this.price = price;
  }
}

class MockProductRepository {
  private products: Product[] = [];
  private nextId = 1;

  async save(product: Product): Promise<Product> {
    if (product.id === 0) { product.id = this.nextId++; this.products.push(product); }
    else { const index = this.products.findIndex(p => p.id === product.id);
      if (index > -1) { this.products[index] = product; } }
    return product;
  }

  async find(): Promise<Product[]> { return this.products; }

  async delete(id: number): Promise<void> {
    this.products = this.products.filter(p => p.id !== id);
  }
  
  async remove(product: Product): Promise<Product> {
    this.products = this.products.filter(p => p.id !== product.id);
    return product; 
  }
}

async function main() {
  const repo = new MockProductRepository();
  const productA = await repo.save(new Product("Pen", 2));
  const productB = await repo.save(new Product("Notebook", 5));
  console.log("Initial products:", await repo.find());

  console.log("\n--- Deleting Product A by ID ---");
  await repo.delete(productA.id);
  console.log("Products after delete:", await repo.find());

  console.log("\n--- Removing Product B (by entity) ---");
  await repo.remove(productB);
  console.log("Products after remove:", await repo.find());
}

main();

CRUD in a NestJS Service

In a real NestJS application, you'd integrate these repository methods within a service. The service would then expose higher-level methods that perform specific business logic, calling the underlying repository methods.

This keeps your controllers clean, focusing only on handling HTTP requests and delegating data operations to the service layer.

// products.service.ts (simplified NestJS service)
import { Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
import { Repository } from 'typeorm';
import { InjectRepository } from '@nestjs/typeorm';
import { Product } from './product.entity'; // Your entity

@Injectable()
export class ProductsService {
  constructor(
    @InjectRepository(Product)
    private productsRepository: Repository<Product>,
  ) {}

  async create(productData: Partial<Product>): Promise<Product> {
    const newProduct = this.productsRepository.create(productData);
    return this.productsRepository.save(newProduct);
  }

  async findAll(): Promise<Product[]> {
    return this.productsRepository.find();
  }

  async findOne(id: number): Promise<Product | undefined> {
    return this.productsRepository.findOneBy({ id });
  }

  async update(id: number, productData: Partial<Product>): Promise<Product | undefined> {
    await this.productsRepository.update(id, productData);
    return this.findOne(id); 
  }

  async remove(id: number): Promise<void> {
    await this.productsRepository.delete(id);
  }
}

Robust CRUD: Best Practices

Building robust CRUD operations involves more than just calling repository methods:

Data Validation: Use Data Transfer Objects (DTOs) and validation pipes to ensure incoming data is valid (covered in A2 L2).
Error Handling: Gracefully handle cases like 'entity not found' by throwing appropriate exceptions (e.g., NestJS's NotFoundException).
Transactions: For complex operations involving multiple database changes, use transactions (covered in C1 L2) to ensure data consistency.

CRUD Operation Quiz

Which TypeORM repository method is typically used to update only specific fields of an entity without loading the entire entity into memory first?

Recap: Mastering CRUD

Great job! You've learned the essentials of performing CRUD operations using TypeORM repositories.

Create: Use .save() to add new entities.
Read: Use .find(), .findOneBy() to retrieve entities.
Update: Modify and .save(), or use .update() for partial updates.
Delete: Use .delete() or .remove() to eliminate entities.

These skills are fundamental for building any data-driven API with NestJS and TypeORM. Next, we'll explore error handling and interceptors to make your APIs more robust!

Preguntas frecuentes

¿La lección «Operaciones CRUD con TypeORM» es gratis?

Sí — el texto completo de «Operaciones CRUD con TypeORM» es gratis para leer aquí en la web. Para practicarla de forma interactiva (editor de código integrado y tutor de IA 24/7) y desbloquear el resto del curso de NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs, actualiza a CoddyKit PRO. El curso de NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs incluye 3 lecciones en total.

¿Qué aprenderé en «Operaciones CRUD con TypeORM»?

Desarrolle funcionalidades completas de creación, lectura, actualización y eliminación para sus entidades mediante repositorios de TypeORM. Practicas NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs con código real que ejecutas directamente en el navegador, y un tutor de IA 24/7 responde tus preguntas mientras trabajas en la lección.

¿Necesito experiencia previa para empezar NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs?

No se requiere experiencia previa. NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs en CoddyKit está estructurado para principiantes hasta estudiantes avanzados, así que puedes empezar aquí o desde el inicio y avanzar a tu ritmo. Esta es la lección 2 de 3.

¿Cuánto tiempo toma la lección «Operaciones CRUD con TypeORM»?

La mayoría de las lecciones de CoddyKit toman alrededor de 5–10 minutos. Cada una es compacta e interactiva, así que avanzas constantemente y retomas exactamente por donde dejaste en la web y la app.

¿Puedo escribir y ejecutar código en esta lección de NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs?

Sí. Cada lección de NestJS Enterprise Backend APIs incluye un editor de código integrado, así que escribes y ejecutas código real directamente en tu navegador y obtienes retroalimentación instantánea de IA — sin configuración local necesaria.

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