Anotaciones de restricciones personalizadas

Cuando las restricciones estándar no son suficientes

Definir la anotación de restricción

import jakarta.validation.Constraint;
import jakarta.validation.Payload;
@Documented
@Constraint(validatedBy = UniqueEmailValidator.class)
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface UniqueEmail {
    String message() default "Email already registered";
    Class<?>[] groups() default {};
    Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
}

Implementar ConstraintValidator

@Component
public class UniqueEmailValidator implements ConstraintValidator<UniqueEmail, String> {
    @Autowired private UserRepository repo;
    @Override
    public boolean isValid(String email, ConstraintValidatorContext ctx) {
        if (email == null) return true; // let @NotBlank handle null
        return !repo.existsByEmail(email);
    }
}

Usar la restricción personalizada

public record CreateUserRequest(
    @NotBlank
    String name,
    @NotBlank @Email @UniqueEmail
    String email
) {}

Mensaje personalizado con interpolación

@Constraint(validatedBy = RangeValidator.class)
public @interface InRange {
    int min() default 0;
    int max() default 100;
    String message() default "Must be between {min} and {max}";
    // ...
}

Restricción a nivel de clase

@Documented
@Constraint(validatedBy = PasswordMatchValidator.class)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface PasswordMatch {
    String message() default "Passwords do not match";
    Class<?>[] groups() default {};
    Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
}

Implementación del validador a nivel de clase

public class PasswordMatchValidator implements ConstraintValidator<PasswordMatch, ChangePasswordRequest> {
    public boolean isValid(ChangePasswordRequest req, ConstraintValidatorContext ctx) {
        if (req.getNewPassword() == null) return true;
        boolean match = req.getNewPassword().equals(req.getConfirmPassword());
        if (!match) {
            ctx.disableDefaultConstraintViolation();
            ctx.buildConstraintViolationWithTemplate("Passwords do not match")
               .addPropertyNode("confirmPassword").addConstraintViolation();
        }
        return match;
    }
}

Componer restricciones

@NotBlank
@Email
@Size(max = 255)
@Constraint(validatedBy = {})
@Target({ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface ValidEmail {
    String message() default "Invalid email";
    Class<?>[] groups() default {};
    Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {};
}

Devolver varias infracciones

public boolean isValid(String password, ConstraintValidatorContext ctx) {
    List<String> issues = new ArrayList<>();
    if (password.length() < 8) issues.add("Too short");
    if (!password.matches(".*\\d.*")) issues.add("Must contain a digit");
    if (issues.isEmpty()) return true;
    ctx.disableDefaultConstraintViolation();
    issues.forEach(msg -> ctx.buildConstraintViolationWithTemplate(msg).addConstraintViolation());
    return false;
}

Validadores gestionados por Spring

Probar validadores personalizados

Validator validator = Validation.buildDefaultValidatorFactory().getValidator();
CreateUserRequest req = new CreateUserRequest("", "bad-email", null);
Set<ConstraintViolation<CreateUserRequest>> violations = validator.validate(req);
System.out.println(violations.size()); // 3

Comprobación rápida

Resumen