Typsichere Formulare und API-Response-Verträge

Warum typsichere Datenstrukturen wichtig sind

Grundlagen von Zod-Schemas

import { z } from 'zod';

const UserSchema = z.object({
  id: z.string().uuid(),
  name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
  email: z.string().email(),
  age: z.number().int().min(0).max(150).optional(),
  role: z.enum(['admin', 'user', 'guest']),
});

type User = z.infer<typeof UserSchema>;
// { id: string; name: string; email: string; age?: number; role: 'admin'|'user'|'guest' }

React Hook Form mit Zod-Resolver

import { useForm } from 'react-hook-form';
import { zodResolver } from '@hookform/resolvers/zod';

const LoginSchema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email('Invalid email'),
  password: z.string().min(8, 'At least 8 characters'),
});
type LoginData = z.infer<typeof LoginSchema>;

function LoginForm() {
  const { register, handleSubmit, formState: { errors } } = useForm<LoginData>({
    resolver: zodResolver(LoginSchema),
  });

  const onSubmit = (data: LoginData) => {
    // data is LoginData — fully typed, already validated
  };
}

API-Antworten validieren

async function fetchUser(id: string): Promise<User> {
  const res = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`);
  const json = await res.json();
  return UserSchema.parse(json); // throws ZodError if shape is wrong
}

Safe Parse für kontrollierte Fehlerbehandlung

const result = UserSchema.safeParse(formData);
if (!result.success) {
  const errors = result.error.flatten().fieldErrors;
  // { name: ['Must be at least 1 character'], email: ['Invalid email'] }
  return errors;
}
const user = result.data; // User — fully typed

Diskriminierte Unions mit Zod

const ApiResponse = z.discriminatedUnion('ok', [
  z.object({ ok: z.literal(true), data: UserSchema }),
  z.object({ ok: z.literal(false), error: z.string(), code: z.number() }),
]);

type ApiResult = z.infer<typeof ApiResponse>;
// { ok: true; data: User } | { ok: false; error: string; code: number }

Zod-Transformationen

const DateSchema = z.string().transform(s => new Date(s));
// Input: '2024-01-15' → Output: Date object

const EventSchema = z.object({
  title: z.string(),
  date: z.string().pipe(z.coerce.date()),
});
type Event = z.infer<typeof EventSchema>;
// { title: string; date: Date }

Schemas wiederverwenden

const UserSchema = z.object({ name: z.string(), email: z.string().email() });

// For creation: add password
const CreateUserSchema = UserSchema.extend({ password: z.string().min(8) });

// For update: all fields optional
const UpdateUserSchema = UserSchema.partial();

type CreateUser = z.infer<typeof CreateUserSchema>;
type UpdateUser = z.infer<typeof UpdateUserSchema>;

Server Action mit Zod

async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  'use server';
  const schema = z.object({ title: z.string().min(3), body: z.string().min(10) });
  const result = schema.safeParse(Object.fromEntries(formData));
  if (!result.success) return { errors: result.error.flatten().fieldErrors };
  await db.post.create({ data: result.data });
  revalidatePath('/blog');
  redirect('/blog');
}

Gemeinsame Schemas zwischen Frontend und Backend

// packages/schemas/src/user.ts
export const CreateUserSchema = z.object({ ... });
export type CreateUser = z.infer<typeof CreateUserSchema>;

// Frontend imports:
import { CreateUserSchema, CreateUser } from '@company/schemas';
// Backend imports:
import { CreateUserSchema } from '@company/schemas';

Zod-Fehlermeldungen

const RegistrationSchema = z.object({
  username: z.string()
    .min(3, 'Username must be at least 3 characters')
    .max(20, 'Username cannot exceed 20 characters')
    .regex(/^[a-z0-9_]+$/, 'Only lowercase letters, numbers, and underscores'),
});

Kurztest

Zusammenfassung