Fetch API: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE

Die Fetch API

Grundlegende GET-Anfrage

async function fetchUsers() {
  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/users');
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error('HTTP ' + res.status);
  const users = await res.json();
  return users;
}

POST mit JSON-Body

async function createUser(user) {
  const res = await fetch('/api/users', {
    method: 'POST',
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    body: JSON.stringify(user)
  });
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Failed: ' + res.status);
  return res.json();
}

createUser({ name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com' });

PUT für vollständige Aktualisierungen

await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`, {
  method: 'PUT',
  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  body: JSON.stringify({
    id, name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com', role: 'admin'
  })
});

PATCH für teilweise Aktualisierungen

await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`, {
  method: 'PATCH',
  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  body: JSON.stringify({ email: 'new@example.com' })
});

DELETE-Anfrage

async function deleteUser(id) {
  const res = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`, { method: 'DELETE' });
  if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Delete failed');
  // 204 No Content — no JSON to parse
}

Authentifizierungs-Header

const res = await fetch('/api/me', {
  headers: {
    'Authorization': `Bearer ${token}`,
    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
  }
});

URL-Abfrageparameter

const params = new URLSearchParams({
  q: 'react hooks',
  page: '2',
  pageSize: '20'
});

const res = await fetch(`/api/search?${params}`);
// /api/search?q=react+hooks&page=2&pageSize=20

Warum fetch bei HTTP-Fehlern keine Ausnahme auslöst

const res = await fetch('/api/users/999');
if (!res.ok) {
  // res.ok is false for 4xx and 5xx
  throw new Error(`Server error ${res.status}: ${await res.text()}`);
}

AbortController zum Abbrechen

const controller = new AbortController();

fetch('/api/search?q=hooks', { signal: controller.signal })
  .then(res => res.json())
  .catch(err => {
    if (err.name !== 'AbortError') throw err;
  });

// Cancel:
controller.abort();

FormData senden

const form = new FormData();
form.append('avatar', fileInput.files[0]);
form.append('name', 'Alice');

await fetch('/api/upload', { method: 'POST', body: form });
// no Content-Type header — browser sets multipart/form-data

Kurze Überprüfung

Zusammenfassung: Fetch API