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Cryptology Academy · Lesson

Why XOR Alone Is Not Secure

Learn key-reuse attacks and crib-dragging against weak XOR encryption.

Welcome

In this lesson we go beyond theory and demonstrate concrete attacks against XOR encryption: key reuse, known-plaintext, and crib-dragging.

Weak Key Reuse Scenario

Imagine a web app encrypting session tokens with the same XOR key. Attacker captures two encrypted tokens. XORing them cancels the key: C1^C2 = P1^P2.

All lessons in this course

  1. Bitwise Operations Refresher
  2. XOR Encryption & the One-Time Pad
  3. Why XOR Alone Is Not Secure
  4. XOR Inside AES & Stream Ciphers
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