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AI Agents · Lesson

Why Graphs Beat Flat Chains

Real agents need loops, retries, and conditionals — DAGs and graphs express what chains cannot.

Where Chains Fall Short

LCEL chains are a great fit for linear flows: A -> B -> C. They struggle when you need:

  • Loops (retry until success)
  • Conditional branching (decide A or B based on state)
  • Human-in-the-loop pauses
  • Persistent state across calls

Real Agents Are Graphs

Agents make decisions step by step. A real agent might:

  1. Plan
  2. Search for info
  3. If found, draft answer; if not, search again
  4. Validate
  5. If invalid, revise; else, return

This is a graph, not a line.

All lessons in this course

  1. Why Graphs Beat Flat Chains
  2. Nodes, Edges and State
  3. Conditional Routing and Branching
  4. Persisting Graph State (Checkpoints)
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