الواجهات العامة والأسماء المستعارة العامة للأنواع

مقدمة

نظرة عامة على الدرس

الأفكار الأساسية

واجهة عامة

interface Box<T> {
  value: T;
}

const nBox: Box<number> = { value: 42 };
const sBox: Box<string> = { value: "ts" };
console.log(nBox.value, sBox.value);

اسم مستعار عام للنوع

type Pair<A, B> = { first: A; second: B };

const p1: Pair<number, string> = { first: 1, second: "one" };
const p2: Pair<boolean, boolean> = { first: true, second: false };
console.log(p1, p2);

سلوك انتظار النطاق

import kotlinx.coroutines.*

suspend fun doTwoTasks(): Unit = coroutineScope {
    // Both run concurrently and the scope waits for them
    launch { delay(150); println("Task A done") }
    launch { delay(100); println("Task B done") }
    // returning Unit implicitly after children complete
}

fun main() = runBlocking {
    doTwoTasks()
    println("Scope completed")
}

الفشل يلغي الأشقاء

import kotlinx.coroutines.*

suspend fun failingGroup() = coroutineScope {
    val a = launch {
        try {
            repeat(5) { i ->
                println("A $i"); delay(60)
            }
        } finally {
            println("A cancelled")
        }
    }
    launch {
        delay(120)
        throw IllegalStateException("boom") // failure in child
    }
    a.join() // will be cancelled when sibling fails
}

fun main() = runBlocking {
    try {
        failingGroup()
    } catch (e: Exception) {
        println("Caught in caller: ${e.message}")
    }
    println("Caller continues")
}

القيود

interface Repository<T extends { id: number }> {
  getById(id: number): T | undefined;
  save(entity: T): void;
}

type User = { id: number; name: string };

const memRepo: Repository<User> = {
  store: [] as User[],
  getById(id) {
    return this.store.find(u => u.id === id);
  },
  save(u) {
    this.store.push(u);
  }
} as unknown as Repository<User>;

memRepo.save({ id: 1, name: "Ada" });
console.log(memRepo.getById(1));

أخطاء async وawait

import kotlinx.coroutines.*

suspend fun parseAsync(s: String) = coroutineScope {
    val deferred = async {
        delay(50)
        s.toInt() // may throw NumberFormatException
    }
    try {
        println("Result = ${deferred.await()}") // error appears here
    } catch (e: NumberFormatException) {
        println("Handled parse error: ${e::class.simpleName}")
    }
}

fun main() = runBlocking {
    parseAsync("12")
    parseAsync("xx")
}

القيم الافتراضية والتوسعة

interface ApiResponse<T = unknown> {
  data: T;
  ok: boolean;
}

type ReadonlyBox<T> = Readonly<Box<T>>;

const r1: ApiResponse = { data: "ok", ok: true };      // T defaults to unknown
const r2: ApiResponse<number> = { data: 200, ok: true };
const rb: ReadonlyBox<string> = { value: "fixed" };
// rb.value = "change"; // Error: readonly

إلغاء withTimeout

import kotlinx.coroutines.*

suspend fun slowOp(): Int {
    delay(300) // pretend work
    return 42
}

fun main() = runBlocking {
    try {
        val result = withTimeout(150) { slowOp() } // cancels after 150ms
        println("Got $result")
    } catch (e: TimeoutCancellationException) {
        println("Timed out and cancelled")
    }
}

فروق الدمج

interface Settings { theme: string }
interface Settings { lang: string }
// Merged: Settings has { theme: string; lang: string }
const s: Settings = { theme: "dark", lang: "en" };

// type Settings = { foo: string };
// Error: Duplicate identifier 'Settings' for type aliases (no merging)

قاعدة فشل التزامن المنظّم

فحص الواجهات مقابل الأنواع

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