مقدمة إلى ميزات الأصناف المتقدمة

نظرة عامة على ميزات الأصناف المتقدمة

معدّلات الوصول

class Person {
  public name: string;
  private age: number;
  protected role: string;

  constructor(name: string, age: number, role: string) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
    this.role = role;
  }
}

class Employee extends Person {
  getRole(): string {
    return this.role; // Accessible because it's protected
  }
}

الأصناف المجردة

abstract class Shape {
  abstract getArea(): number;
}

class Circle extends Shape {
  constructor(public radius: number) {
    super();
  }

  getArea(): number {
    return Math.PI * this.radius ** 2;
  }
}

const circle = new Circle(5);
console.log(circle.getArea()); // 78.54

الأعضاء الثابتة

class MathUtils {
  static PI = 3.14;

  static calculateCircleArea(radius: number): number {
    return this.PI * radius ** 2;
  }
}

console.log(MathUtils.PI); // 3.14
console.log(MathUtils.calculateCircleArea(5)); // 78.5

دوال getter وsetter

class Person {
  private _name: string;

  constructor(name: string) {
    this._name = name;
  }

  get name(): string {
    return this._name;
  }

  set name(newName: string) {
    this._name = newName;
  }
}

const person = new Person('Alice');
console.log(person.name); // Alice
person.name = 'Bob';
console.log(person.name); // Bob

الخصائص للقراءة فقط

class Vehicle {
  readonly make: string;

  constructor(make: string) {
    this.make = make;
  }
}

const car = new Vehicle('Toyota');
console.log(car.make); // Toyota
// car.make = 'Honda'; // Error: Cannot assign to 'make' because it is a read-only property.

المنشئات الخاصة والمحمية

class Singleton {
  private static instance: Singleton;

  private constructor() {}

  static getInstance(): Singleton {
    if (!this.instance) {
      this.instance = new Singleton();
    }
    return this.instance;
  }
}

const singleton = Singleton.getInstance();
console.log(singleton);

مهمة تدريبية

تهانينا!