تعريف البنى واستخدامها

تعرّفوا على البُنى: أنواع بيانات مخصّصة

تعريف بنية كلاسيكية

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn main() {
    // This code only defines the struct blueprint.
    // No actual user has been created yet!
    println!("Struct 'User' blueprint defined.");
}

إنشاء مثيلات البُنى

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn main() {
    let user1 = User {
        email: String::from("alice@example.com"),
        username: String::from("alice123"),
        active: true,
        sign_in_count: 1,
    };
    println!("User instance created!");
}

الوصول إلى حقول البُنى

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn main() {
    let user1 = User {
        email: String::from("alice@example.com"),
        username: String::from("alice123"),
        active: true,
        sign_in_count: 1,
    };
    println!("User's username: {}", user1.username);
    println!("User's email: {}", user1.email);
}

قابلية التغيير مع البُنى

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn main() {
    let mut user1 = User {
        email: String::from("alice@example.com"),
        username: String::from("alice123"),
        active: true,
        sign_in_count: 1,
    };
    
    println!("Old email: {}", user1.email);
    user1.email = String::from("new_alice@example.com");
    println!("New email: {}", user1.email);
}

بُنى الصفوف: حقول بلا أسماء

struct Color(i32, i32, i32);
struct Point(i32, i32, i32);

fn main() {
    let black = Color(0, 0, 0);
    let origin = Point(0, 0, 0);
    println!("Tuple structs 'Color' and 'Point' defined.");
}

استخدام بُنى الصفوف

struct Color(i32, i32, i32);
struct Point(i32, i32, i32);

fn main() {
    let black = Color(0, 0, 0);
    let origin = Point(0, 0, 0);

    println!("Black color: R={}, G={}, B={}", black.0, black.1, black.2);
    println!("Origin point: X={}, Y={}, Z={}", origin.0, origin.1, origin.2);
}

البُنى الشبيهة بنوع الوحدة: العلامات

struct AlwaysTrue;

fn main() {
    let subject = AlwaysTrue;
    // Unit-like structs don't store data directly,
    // but they can be instantiated and used as types.
    println!("Unit-like struct 'AlwaysTrue' created.");
}

صيغة تحديث البنية

struct User {
    username: String,
    email: String,
    sign_in_count: u64,
    active: bool,
}

fn main() {
    let user1 = User {
        email: String::from("alice@example.com"),
        username: String::from("alice123"),
        active: true,
        sign_in_count: 1,
    };

    let user2 = User {
        email: String::from("bob@example.com"),
        username: String::from("bob456"),
        ..user1 // Copy remaining fields from user1
    };

    println!("User 2 email: {}", user2.email);
    println!("User 2 active: {}", user2.active);
    // user1.username is now moved, so user1 can't be used here.
}

اختبار البُنى

مراجعة: نظرة عامة على البُنى