المعاملات ومديرو السياق

ما المعاملة؟

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, balance INTEGER)')
print('Table ready for transactions')
conn.close()

الحفظ باستخدام Commit

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, balance INTEGER)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (balance) VALUES (100)')
conn.commit()
print('Committed')
conn.close()

التراجع

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, balance INTEGER)')
conn.commit()
cur.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (balance) VALUES (100)')
conn.rollback()
cur.execute('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM accounts')
print('Rows after rollback:', cur.fetchone()[0])
conn.close()

تحويل مالي

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, balance INTEGER)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (id, balance) VALUES (1, 100)')
cur.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (id, balance) VALUES (2, 50)')
cur.execute('UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 30 WHERE id = 1')
cur.execute('UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 30 WHERE id = 2')
conn.commit()
cur.execute('SELECT id, balance FROM accounts')
print(cur.fetchall())
conn.close()

معالجة الأخطاء باستخدام try/except

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, balance INTEGER)')
try:
    cur.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (id, balance) VALUES (1, 100)')
    cur.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (id, balance) VALUES (1, 200)')
    conn.commit()
except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
    conn.rollback()
    print('Rolled back after error')
conn.close()

الاتصال كمدير سياق

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
conn.execute('CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, balance INTEGER)')
with conn:
    conn.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (balance) VALUES (100)')
print('Auto-committed via with block')
conn.close()

التراجع التلقائي عند حدوث استثناء

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
conn.execute('CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY)')
try:
    with conn:
        conn.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (id) VALUES (1)')
        conn.execute('INSERT INTO accounts (id) VALUES (1)')
except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
    print('Block rolled back automatically')
count = conn.execute('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM accounts').fetchone()[0]
print('Rows:', count)
conn.close()

closing() للاتصال

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing
with closing(sqlite3.connect(':memory:')) as conn:
    conn.execute('CREATE TABLE t (id INTEGER)')
    print('Used inside closing()')
print('Connection closed automatically')

دمج النمطين

import sqlite3
from contextlib import closing
with closing(sqlite3.connect(':memory:')) as conn:
    conn.execute('CREATE TABLE t (id INTEGER, v TEXT)')
    with conn:
        conn.execute('INSERT INTO t VALUES (1, ?)', ('hello',))
    print(conn.execute('SELECT * FROM t').fetchall())

isolation_level

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
print('Default isolation_level:', repr(conn.isolation_level))
conn.isolation_level = None
print('Now autocommit:', conn.isolation_level)
conn.close()

لماذا تُعدّ المعاملات مهمة؟

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
conn.execute('CREATE TABLE log (msg TEXT)')
with conn:
    conn.execute('INSERT INTO log VALUES (?)', ('all or nothing',))
print('Atomic write done')
conn.close()

اختبار سريع

مراجعة