تشغيل mypy وإصلاح أخطاء الأنواع

تثبيت mypy وتشغيله

# pip install mypy

# Check a single file:
# mypy script.py

# Check a package:
# mypy mypackage/

# Strict mode (recommended for new code):
# mypy --strict script.py

أول خطأ في mypy

# script.py
def add(a, b):   # mypy: Missing type annotation
    return a + b

result: int = add("hello", 1)  # str, not int

# mypy output:
# error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"

خيار --strict

# Most important strict flags individually:
# --disallow-untyped-defs
# --disallow-any-generics
# --warn-return-any
# --no-implicit-reexport

# Or all at once:
# mypy --strict mypackage/

تجاهل الأخطاء

import third_party  # type: ignore[import]  # no stub available

x: int = get_dynamic_value()  # type: ignore[assignment]

إعداد mypy.ini / pyproject.toml

# mypy.ini
[mypy]
python_version = 3.11
strict = True
ignore_missing_imports = True

[mypy-third_party.*]
ignore_errors = True

الوضع التزايدي

# First run:
# mypy mypackage/   — full analysis, ~5 s

# Second run (nothing changed):
# mypy mypackage/   — Success: no issues in 0 source files (0.3 s)

خطأ شائع: أنواع غير متوافقة

# error: Incompatible types in assignment
# (expression has type "str", variable has type "int")

count: int = 0
count = "five"   # error

# Fix:
count = 5

خطأ شائع: عدم تطابق نوع المعامل

def greet(name: str) -> str:
    return f"Hello, {name}"

# error: Argument 1 to "greet" has incompatible type "int"
greet(42)   # error

# Fix:
greet(str(42))

خطأ شائع: إعادة None بشكل غير متوقع

# error: Missing return statement
def find(items: list[int], target: int) -> int:
    for item in items:
        if item == target:
            return item
    # Missing: no return if not found!

# Fix:
def find2(items: list[int], target: int) -> int | None:
    for item in items:
        if item == target:
            return item
    return None

التضييق باستخدام isinstance

def process(value: int | str) -> str:
    if isinstance(value, int):
        return str(value * 2)   # mypy knows value is int here
    return value.upper()         # mypy knows value is str here

استخدام cast

from typing import cast

def get_value() -> object:
    return 42

result = cast(int, get_value())   # mypy treats result as int
print(result + 1)   # 43

تحقق سريع

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