functools: ‏lru_cache وcached_property

ما هو Memoization؟

def slow_fib(n):
    if n < 2: return n
    return slow_fib(n-1) + slow_fib(n-2)

# slow_fib(35) makes ~29 million calls
# With caching it makes only 35

@lru_cache

import functools

@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def fib(n):
    if n < 2: return n
    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

print(fib(50))  # instant

@cache — Python 3.9+

import functools

@functools.cache
def factorial(n):
    return n * factorial(n-1) if n else 1

print(factorial(10))  # 3628800

معلومات الذاكرة المؤقتة ومسحها

import functools

@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=100)
def square(n):
    return n * n

for i in range(5): square(i % 3)
print(square.cache_info())
# CacheInfo(hits=2, misses=3, maxsize=100, currsize=3)
square.cache_clear()

سياسة الإخلاء LRU

import functools

@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=3)
def compute(n):
    print(f"computing {n}")
    return n**2

for x in [1,2,3,4,1]:   # 4 evicts 1 (LRU), then 1 re-computes
    compute(x)

الوسائط القابلة للتجزئة فقط

import functools

@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def sum_tuple(t):  # tuple is hashable
    return sum(t)

print(sum_tuple((1,2,3)))  # 6
# sum_tuple([1,2,3])  # TypeError

@cached_property

import functools

class Circle:
    def __init__(self, r):
        self.r = r

    @functools.cached_property
    def area(self):
        import math
        print("computing...")
        return math.pi * self.r ** 2

c = Circle(5)
print(c.area)   # computing...  78.53...
print(c.area)   # 78.53... (cached, no print)

cached_property مقارنةً بـ property

import functools

class Expensive:
    @property
    def always(self):    # runs every access
        return sum(range(1_000_000))

    @functools.cached_property
    def once(self):      # runs only first access
        return sum(range(1_000_000))

أمان cached_property في الخيوط

import functools, threading

class SafeCache:
    _lock = threading.Lock()

    @functools.cached_property
    def data(self):
        with self._lock:
            return expensive_computation()

إبطال cached_property

import functools

class Report:
    @functools.cached_property
    def summary(self):
        return compute_summary()

r = Report()
_ = r.summary      # computed
del r.summary      # invalidate
_ = r.summary      # recomputed

استخدام lru_cache كذاكرة مؤقتة لواجهة API

import functools, urllib.request, json

@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=32)
def get_user(user_id):
    url = f"https://api.example.com/users/{user_id}"
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as r:
        return json.loads(r.read())

user = get_user(42)   # network call
user = get_user(42)   # cached

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