Try وCatch وFinally

الاستثناءات مقابل الأخطاء

طرح استثناء

<?php
function divide(float $a, float $b): float {
    if ($b == 0) {
        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Cannot divide by zero');
    }
    return $a / $b;
}

echo divide(10, 2);   // 5
// divide(10, 0);     // throws exception

كتلة try / catch

<?php
try {
    $result = divide(10, 0);
    echo $result;
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
    echo 'Error: ' . $e->getMessage();
    echo ' in ' . $e->getFile() . ':' . $e->getLine();
}

كتل catch متعددة

<?php
try {
    $pdo = new PDO($dsn, $user, $pass);
    $result = performQuery($pdo);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
    error_log('DB error: ' . $e->getMessage());
    echo 'Database unavailable';
} catch (RuntimeException $e) {
    echo 'Runtime error: ' . $e->getMessage();
} catch (\Throwable $e) {
    echo 'Unexpected error: ' . $e->getMessage();
}

كتلة finally

<?php
$connection = null;
try {
    $connection = openDatabaseConnection();
    $data = fetchData($connection);
} catch (DatabaseException $e) {
    error_log($e->getMessage());
    echo 'DB error';
} finally {
    // Always runs — even if exception was thrown
    if ($connection) {
        closeConnection($connection);
    }
}

تسلسل الاستثناءات الهرمي

التعامل مع Throwable

<?php
try {
    $result = someFunction();
} catch (\Exception $e) {
    echo 'Exception: ' . $e->getMessage();
} catch (\Error $e) {
    echo 'PHP Error: ' . $e->getMessage();
}

// Or catch both at once:
try {
    // ...
} catch (\Throwable $e) {
    echo get_class($e) . ': ' . $e->getMessage();
}

catch موحّد (PHP 8)

<?php
try {
    processRequest();
} catch (InvalidArgumentException | RuntimeException $e) {
    echo 'Handled: ' . $e->getMessage();
}

// Compare PHP 7 approach:
// catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) { ... }
// catch (RuntimeException $e) { ... }

إعادة طرح الاستثناءات

<?php
function processOrder(int $id): void {
    try {
        $order = loadOrder($id);
        $order->process();
    } catch (PaymentException $e) {
        error_log('Payment failed for order ' . $id . ': ' . $e->getMessage());
        throw $e;  // re-throw after logging
    }
}

تسلسل الاستثناءات

<?php
try {
    $data = fetchFromAPI();
} catch (NetworkException $e) {
    throw new ServiceUnavailableException(
        'Cannot reach upstream service',
        0,
        $e  // $previous — preserves original cause
    );
}

// Retrieve original:
// $e->getPrevious()

set_exception_handler

<?php
set_exception_handler(function(\Throwable $e): void {
    error_log(sprintf(
        '[UNCAUGHT] %s: %s in %s:%d',
        get_class($e),
        $e->getMessage(),
        $e->getFile(),
        $e->getLine()
    ));
    http_response_code(500);
    echo 'An unexpected error occurred. Please try again.';
    exit(1);
});

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: try/catch/finally