مرشحات WHERE: عوامل المقارنة والمنطق

دور WHERE

عوامل المقارنة

SELECT * FROM products WHERE price > 100;
SELECT * FROM products WHERE price >= 100;
SELECT * FROM products WHERE price < 50;
SELECT * FROM products WHERE price <= 50;
SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = 'books';
SELECT * FROM products WHERE category <> 'books';   -- != also works

AND وOR وNOT

-- Both true:
SELECT * FROM products
WHERE category = 'books' AND price < 50;

-- Either true:
SELECT * FROM products
WHERE category = 'books' OR category = 'music';

-- Negation:
SELECT * FROM products
WHERE NOT (category = 'books');

أولوية العوامل

-- Without parens — almost certainly wrong:
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE status = 'open' OR status = 'pending' AND total > 100;
-- means:  status = open  OR  (status = pending AND total > 100)

-- With parens — clearer:
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE (status = 'open' OR status = 'pending') AND total > 100;

IN وNOT IN

SELECT * FROM users
WHERE country IN ('US', 'CA', 'GB', 'AU');

-- Equivalent to:
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE country = 'US' OR country = 'CA' OR country = 'GB' OR country = 'AU';

BETWEEN

SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE total BETWEEN 100 AND 500;

-- Equivalent to:  total >= 100 AND total <= 500

عوامل التصفية الآمنة مع NULL

-- Returns users where deleted_at is unknown:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;

-- IS DISTINCT FROM treats NULL as a comparable value:
SELECT * FROM events WHERE status IS DISTINCT FROM 'closed';

الأعمدة المنطقية

SELECT * FROM tasks WHERE done;       -- = TRUE
SELECT * FROM tasks WHERE NOT done;    -- = FALSE or NULL
SELECT * FROM tasks WHERE done IS NOT TRUE;  -- FALSE or NULL only

مطابقة الأنماط باستخدام LIKE

SELECT * FROM users WHERE email LIKE '%@gmail.com';
SELECT * FROM products WHERE sku LIKE 'A_-___';

-- Case-insensitive in PostgreSQL:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE email ILIKE '%@GMAIL.com';

المرشحات والأداء

ترتيب التقييم

-- This fails — alias not visible in WHERE:
SELECT total * 0.9 AS discounted
FROM orders WHERE discounted > 100;     -- ERROR

-- Repeat the expression instead, or wrap in a subquery.

مراجعة

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