الاستعلامات ذات المعاملات والمعاملات الذرّية

لماذا نستخدم الاستعلامات ذات المعاملات؟

library(DBI)

# DANGEROUS: string concatenation (SQL injection risk!)
user_input <- "'; DROP TABLE users; --"
# bad_sql <- paste0("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '", user_input, "'")
# dbGetQuery(con, bad_sql)   <- NEVER do this

# SAFE: parameterized query
# dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = $1',
#            params = list(user_input))

cat('Parameterized queries prevent SQL injection')

‏dbGetQuery() مع المعاملات

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbWriteTable(con, 'employees', data.frame(
  name       = c('Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol'),
  department = c('Engineering', 'Marketing', 'Engineering'),
  salary     = c(90000, 75000, 95000)
))

# Parameterized SELECT — SQLite uses ?
result <- dbGetQuery(
  con,
  'SELECT name, salary FROM employees WHERE department = ?',
  params = list('Engineering')
)
print(result)

dbDisconnect(con)

‏dbExecute() — INSERT وUPDATE وDELETE

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbWriteTable(con, 'users', data.frame(
  id     = 1:3,
  name   = c('Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol'),
  active = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)
))

# Safe UPDATE with parameters
rows_affected <- dbExecute(
  con,
  'UPDATE users SET active = ? WHERE id = ?',
  params = list(TRUE, 2)
)
cat('Rows updated:', rows_affected, '\n')

# Verify
result <- dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 2')
cat('Bob active:', result$active)

dbDisconnect(con)

معاملات متعددة في استعلام واحد

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbWriteTable(con, 'products', data.frame(
  id    = 1:4,
  name  = c('Apple', 'Banana', 'Cherry', 'Date'),
  price = c(1.5, 0.8, 3.0, 5.0),
  stock = c(100, 200, 50, 30)
))

# Filter by two parameters
result <- dbGetQuery(
  con,
  'SELECT name, price FROM products WHERE price > ? AND stock > ?',
  params = list(1.0, 40)
)
print(result)

dbDisconnect(con)

INSERT باستخدام المعاملات

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE logs (level TEXT, message TEXT, ts TEXT)')

# Parameterized INSERT
dbExecute(
  con,
  'INSERT INTO logs (level, message, ts) VALUES (?, ?, ?)',
  params = list('INFO', 'User logged in', as.character(Sys.time()))
)

result <- dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM logs')
print(result)

dbDisconnect(con)

‏dbBegin() وdbCommit() — المعاملات

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE accounts (id INTEGER, balance REAL)')
dbExecute(con, "INSERT INTO accounts VALUES (1, 1000), (2, 500)")

# Transfer 200 from account 1 to account 2
dbBegin(con)
  dbExecute(con, 'UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - ? WHERE id = ?',
            params = list(200, 1))
  dbExecute(con, 'UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + ? WHERE id = ?',
            params = list(200, 2))
dbCommit(con)

result <- dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM accounts')
print(result)
dbDisconnect(con)

‏dbRollback() — التراجع عن معاملة

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE orders (id INTEGER, amount REAL)')
dbExecute(con, 'INSERT INTO orders VALUES (1, 500)')

# Simulate a failed transaction
dbBegin(con)
tryCatch({
  dbExecute(con, 'UPDATE orders SET amount = ? WHERE id = ?',
            params = list(600, 1))
  stop('Simulated error during processing')  # something goes wrong
  dbCommit(con)
}, error = function(e) {
  dbRollback(con)
  cat('Transaction rolled back:', e$message, '\n')
})

# Amount is still 500 (rollback worked)
result <- dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM orders')
cat('Amount after rollback:', result$amount)
dbDisconnect(con)

‏dbWithTransaction() — نمط أكثر أمانًا

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE ledger (account TEXT, amount REAL)')
dbExecute(con, "INSERT INTO ledger VALUES ('Alice', 1000), ('Bob', 500)")

# Automatic transaction management:
dbWithTransaction(con, {
  dbExecute(con, "UPDATE ledger SET amount = amount - 100 WHERE account = 'Alice'",
            params = list())
  dbExecute(con, "UPDATE ledger SET amount = amount + 100 WHERE account = 'Bob'",
            params = list())
})
# Committed automatically on success

print(dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM ledger'))
dbDisconnect(con)

معالجة الأخطاء داخل المعاملات

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE inventory (item TEXT, qty INTEGER)')
dbExecute(con, "INSERT INTO inventory VALUES ('Widget', 100)")

safe_update <- function(con, item, qty_change) {
  tryCatch(
    dbWithTransaction(con, {
      dbExecute(con,
        'UPDATE inventory SET qty = qty + ? WHERE item = ?',
        params = list(qty_change, item))
      cat('Updated', item, 'by', qty_change, '\n')
    }),
    error = function(e) cat('Failed (rolled back):', e$message, '\n')
  )
}

safe_update(con, 'Widget', -30)
print(dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM inventory'))
dbDisconnect(con)

عمليات الإدراج الدفعية لتحسين الأداء

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE events (user_id INTEGER, action TEXT)')

# Fast: insert a whole data frame at once
new_events <- data.frame(
  user_id = c(101, 102, 103, 104),
  action  = c('login', 'view', 'purchase', 'logout')
)
dbAppendTable(con, 'events', new_events)

result <- dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS n FROM events')
cat('Rows inserted:', result$n)

dbDisconnect(con)

‏dbDisconnect() — أغلق الاتصالات دائمًا

library(DBI)

# Pattern: use on.exit to guarantee disconnection
run_query <- function(sql) {
  con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
  on.exit(dbDisconnect(con), add = TRUE)  # always runs

  dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE t (x INTEGER)')
  dbExecute(con, 'INSERT INTO t VALUES (1), (2), (3)')
  result <- dbGetQuery(con, sql)
  result  # con is closed automatically after return
}

df <- run_query('SELECT * FROM t WHERE x > 1')
cat('Rows:', nrow(df))
# on.exit fires after return — connection cleanly closed

تحقّق سريعًا

الاستعلامات ذات المعاملات والمعاملات — أهم النقاط

library(DBI)

con <- dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ':memory:')
on.exit(dbDisconnect(con), add = TRUE)

dbExecute(con, 'CREATE TABLE transfers (from_id INT, to_id INT, amount REAL)')

# Safe parameterized insert inside a transaction:
dbWithTransaction(con, {
  dbExecute(con,
    'INSERT INTO transfers (from_id, to_id, amount) VALUES (?, ?, ?)',
    params = list(1, 2, 250.00)
  )
})

result <- dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT * FROM transfers')
cat('Transfer recorded:', result$amount)