الدالة require

كيفية عمل require

-- First require: loads and executes math_utils.lua
local math_utils = require("math_utils")

-- Second require: returns cached value (file not re-run)
local math_utils2 = require("math_utils")

print(math_utils == math_utils2)   -- true (same object)
print(package.loaded["math_utils"] == math_utils)  -- true

قيمة إرجاع الوحدة

-- mymodule.lua:
-- local M = {}
-- function M.hello() print("Hello from module!") end
-- return M

-- In main script:
local m = require("mymodule")
m.hello()   -- Hello from module!

-- The module table is the interface

التخزين المؤقت في package.loaded

-- Force reload by clearing cache
package.loaded["mymodule"] = nil
local fresh = require("mymodule")  -- re-executes the file

-- Preload a mock for testing
package.loaded["db"] = {
  query = function() return {} end,
  close = function() end,
}
local db = require("db")  -- gets the mock

تنسيق package.path

print(package.path)
-- typically: ./?.lua;./?.luac;/usr/share/lua/5.4/?.lua;...

-- Add local lib directory
package.path = "./lib/?.lua;" .. package.path

-- Now require("utils") will look in ./lib/utils.lua

require مقارنةً بـ dofile وloadfile

-- dofile: no caching, direct path
dofile("./scripts/setup.lua")

-- loadfile: compile only, returns function
local fn, err = loadfile("./config.lua")
if fn then
  local result = fn()   -- execute when ready
end

-- require: best for modules
local json = require("json")

استخدام النقاط مع require للمجلدات

-- Directory structure:
-- lib/
--   utils/
--     string.lua
--     table.lua
--   init.lua

package.path = "./lib/?.lua;" .. package.path

local strUtils = require("utils.string")   -- loads lib/utils/string.lua
local tblUtils = require("utils.table")    -- loads lib/utils/table.lua

الآثار الجانبية لتهيئة الوحدة

-- counter.lua:
-- local count = 0   -- initialized once on first require
-- local M = {}
-- function M.increment() count = count + 1 end
-- function M.get() return count end
-- return M

local c = require("counter")
c.increment()
c.increment()
print(c.get())   -- 2

local c2 = require("counter")
print(c2.get())  -- 2 (same instance, cached)

معالجة الأخطاء في require

local ok, mod = pcall(require, "possibly_missing")
if not ok then
  print("Module not available:", mod)
  -- fall back to alternative or default implementation
  mod = {feature = function() return "fallback" end}
end

print(mod.feature())

package.preload

package.preload["mymath"] = function()
  return {
    double = function(n) return n * 2 end,
    triple = function(n) return n * 3 end,
  }
end

local m = require("mymath")
print(m.double(5))   -- 10
print(m.triple(5))   -- 15

الاستدعاء require الدائري

-- a.lua: local b = require("b"); local M = {}; M.name = "A"; return M
-- b.lua: local a = require("a"); print("a.name:", a.name); return {}

-- When a.lua is loaded:
-- 1. a starts executing
-- 2. requires b -> b starts executing
-- 3. b requires a -> gets partial a (still loading!)
-- 4. a.name may be nil at step 3

print("Avoid circular requires in module design")

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: require