التغليف باستخدام الإغلاقات

كائنات قائمة على الإغلاقات

local function makeCounter(start)
  local count = start or 0   -- truly private
  return {
    increment = function() count=count+1 end,
    decrement = function() count=count-1 end,
    get       = function() return count end,
    reset     = function() count=0 end,
  }
end

local c = makeCounter(10)
c.increment(); c.increment()
print(c.get())   -- 12
print(c.count)   -- nil (truly private!)

الخاص مقابل العام

local function makeAccount(initial)
  local balance = initial
  local transactions = {}
  
  local function record(type, amount)
    transactions[#transactions+1] = {type=type,amount=amount}
  end
  
  return {
    deposit  = function(n) record("D",n); balance=balance+n end,
    withdraw = function(n)
      if n>balance then error("insufficient funds") end
      record("W",n); balance=balance-n
    end,
    balance  = function() return balance end,
    history  = function() return transactions end,
  }
end

الإغلاقات المشتركة

local function makeQueue()
  local items = {}  -- shared by all methods
  local size = 0
  return {
    enqueue = function(v) size=size+1; items[size]=v end,
    dequeue = function()
      if size==0 then return nil end
      local head=1
      while items[head]==nil do head=head+1 end
      local v=items[head]; items[head]=nil; return v
    end,
    isEmpty = function() return size==0 end,
    count   = function() return size end,
  }
end

الإغلاقات مقابل جداول البيانات الوصفية

-- Closure: per-instance functions (more memory)
local function makePoint(x,y)
  return {
    x = function() return x end,
    y = function() return y end,
    distance = function()
      return math.sqrt(x*x+y*y)
    end
  }
end

-- Metatable: shared methods (less memory)
-- local Point = {}; Point.__index = Point
-- function Point.new(x,y) return setmetatable({x=x,y=y},Point) end

تعديل الإغلاقات

local function makeAccumulator()
  local sum, count = 0, 0
  return {
    add = function(n) sum=sum+n; count=count+1 end,
    mean = function()
      return count>0 and sum/count or 0
    end,
    total = function() return sum end,
    n     = function() return count end,
  }
end

local acc = makeAccumulator()
for _, v in ipairs({10,20,30,40,50}) do
  acc.add(v)
end
print(acc.total(),acc.mean(),acc.n())  -- 150  30.0  5

المُنشئ مع التحقق

local function makeRange(lo, hi)
  assert(lo<=hi,"lo must be <= hi")
  return {
    contains = function(v) return v>=lo and v<=hi end,
    clamp    = function(v) return math.max(lo,math.min(hi,v)) end,
    lo       = function() return lo end,
    hi       = function() return hi end,
    span     = function() return hi-lo end,
  }
end

local r = makeRange(0,100)
print(r.contains(50))   -- true
print(r.clamp(150))     -- 100

الأحداث مع الإغلاقات

local function makeEmitter()
  local handlers = {}
  return {
    on = function(event, fn)
      handlers[event] = handlers[event] or {}
      handlers[event][#handlers[event]+1] = fn
    end,
    emit = function(event, ...)
      for _, fn in ipairs(handlers[event] or {}) do
        fn(...)
      end
    end,
    off = function(event) handlers[event] = {} end,
  }
end

local emitter = makeEmitter()
emitter.on("data", function(v) print("Got:", v) end)
emitter.emit("data", 42)   -- Got: 42

الحفظ المؤقت باستخدام الإغلاق

local function memoize(fn)
  local cache = {}
  return function(...)
    local key = table.concat({...}, ",")
    if cache[key] == nil then
      cache[key] = fn(...)
    end
    return cache[key]
  end
end

local expensiveFib
expensiveFib = memoize(function(n)
  if n<=1 then return n end
  return expensiveFib(n-1)+expensiveFib(n-2)
end)

for i=0,10 do io.write(expensiveFib(i).." ") end
print()

توسيع كائنات الإغلاقات

local function makeTimedCounter(start)
  local base = makeCounter and makeCounter(start) or (function()
    local c=start or 0
    return {inc=function()c=c+1 end,get=function()return c end}
  end)()
  local callCount = 0
  return {
    increment = function()
      callCount=callCount+1
      base.inc()
    end,
    get = base.get,
    calls = function() return callCount end,
  }
end

متى تستخدم الإغلاقات

-- Guideline summary:
-- Closures: true privacy, no metatable, self-contained
-- Metatables: shared methods, inheritance, instanceof checks

-- Rule of thumb:
-- < 100 instances with private state -> closures
-- > 100 instances OR need inheritance -> metatables

print("Both patterns are valid Lua OOP.")

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: الإغلاقات للتغليف