الأنواع المختومة مع Records

الأنواع sealed مع السجلات

السجلات تكون final ضمنيًا

تسلسل هرمي مغلق للأشكال

public class Main {
    sealed interface Shape permits Circle, Rectangle {}
    record Circle(double radius) implements Shape {}
    record Rectangle(double width, double height) implements Shape {}

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Shape s = new Rectangle(3, 4);
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}

إضافة السلوك

public class Main {
    sealed interface Shape permits Circle, Rectangle {
        double area();
    }
    record Circle(double radius) implements Shape {
        public double area() { return Math.PI * radius * radius; }
    }
    record Rectangle(double width, double height) implements Shape {
        public double area() { return width * height; }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Shape s = new Circle(2);
        System.out.printf("Area: %.2f%n", s.area());
    }
}

مساواة وtoString مجانيتان

public class Main {
    sealed interface Shape permits Circle {}
    record Circle(double radius) implements Shape {}

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Circle a = new Circle(5);
        Circle b = new Circle(5);
        System.out.println(a.equals(b));
        System.out.println(a);
    }
}

نمذجة النتائج

public class Main {
    sealed interface Result permits Ok, Err {}
    record Ok(int value) implements Result {}
    record Err(String message) implements Result {}

    static Result parse(String s) {
        try { return new Ok(Integer.parseInt(s)); }
        catch (NumberFormatException e) { return new Err("bad number: " + s); }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(parse("42"));
        System.out.println(parse("oops"));
    }
}

منشئات مختصرة للتحقق

public class Main {
    sealed interface Shape permits Circle {}
    record Circle(double radius) implements Shape {
        Circle {
            if (radius < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("radius must be >= 0");
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try { new Circle(-1); }
        catch (IllegalArgumentException e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); }
    }
}

نماذج بيانات递归ية

public class Main {
    sealed interface Expr permits Num, Add {}
    record Num(int value) implements Expr {}
    record Add(Expr left, Expr right) implements Expr {}

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Expr e = new Add(new Num(1), new Add(new Num(2), new Num(3)));
        System.out.println(e);
    }
}

فوائد عدم القابلية للتغيير

الاقتران مع switch

حساب على النموذج

public class Main {
    sealed interface Expr permits Num, Add {}
    record Num(int value) implements Expr {}
    record Add(Expr left, Expr right) implements Expr {}

    static int eval(Expr e) {
        if (e instanceof Num n) return n.value();
        Add a = (Add) e;
        return eval(a.left()) + eval(a.right());
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Expr e = new Add(new Num(4), new Add(new Num(5), new Num(6)));
        System.out.println(eval(e));
    }
}

تحقق سريع

مراجعة