Future ومعالجة الأخطاء

ما هو Future؟

import java.util.concurrent.*;

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
Future<Integer> future = pool.submit(() -> {
    Thread.sleep(1000);
    return 42;
});

System.out.println("Is done? " + future.isDone()); // false
Integer result = future.get(); // blocks
System.out.println("Result: " + result); // 42
pool.shutdown();

future.get() مع مهلة زمنية

try {
    Integer result = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    System.out.println(result);
} catch (TimeoutException e) {
    System.out.println("Timed out");
    future.cancel(true); // interrupt the task
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
    System.out.println("Task threw: " + e.getCause());
}

ExecutionException

Future<String> failing = pool.submit(() -> {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad input");
});

try {
    failing.get();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
    Throwable cause = e.getCause();
    System.out.println(cause.getClass().getSimpleName()); // IllegalArgumentException
    System.out.println(cause.getMessage()); // bad input
}

إلغاء Future

Future<String> f = pool.submit(() -> {
    try {
        Thread.sleep(10_000); // long task
        return "done";
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
        return "interrupted";
    }
});

boolean cancelled = f.cancel(true); // send interrupt
System.out.println("Cancelled: " + cancelled); // true
System.out.println("Is cancelled: " + f.isCancelled()); // true

isCancelled مقابل isDone

// After cancel:
System.out.println(f.isDone());       // true
System.out.println(f.isCancelled()); // true

// After normal completion:
Future<Integer> done = pool.submit(() -> 5);
done.get(); // wait
System.out.println(done.isDone());       // true
System.out.println(done.isCancelled()); // false

CompletionService للنتائج المتاحة أولًا

ExecutorCompletionService<Integer> cs =
    new ExecutorCompletionService<>(pool);

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    final int delay = 5 - i; // submit fastest last
    cs.submit(() -> { Thread.sleep(delay * 100); return delay; });
}

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    Future<Integer> f = cs.take(); // next completed
    System.out.println(f.get());
}

معالجة Futures متعددة بأمان

List<Future<String>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    final int id = i;
    futures.add(pool.submit(() ->
        id % 2 == 0 ? "ok_" + id : (() -> { throw new RuntimeException("fail_"+id); }).get()
    ));
}

for (Future<String> f : futures) {
    try {
        System.out.println(f.get());
    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
        System.out.println("Error: " + e.getCause().getMessage());
    }
}

Future.get() بعد إيقاف المجموعة

ExecutorService pool2 = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
Future<Integer> f = pool2.submit(() -> 99);
pool2.shutdown(); // no new tasks

// Still valid — task was submitted before shutdown:
System.out.println(f.get()); // 99

try {
    pool2.submit(() -> 0); // throws!
} catch (RejectedExecutionException e) {
    System.out.println("Pool shut down");
}

FutureTask: Future يدوي

FutureTask<String> task = new FutureTask<>(() -> "computed");
new Thread(task).start(); // run in any thread
System.out.println(task.get()); // computed

نمط إعادة المحاولة باستخدام Future

Future<String> future = pool.submit(() -> {
    if (Math.random() < 0.7) throw new RuntimeException("transient error");
    return "success";
});

for (int attempt = 0; attempt < 3; attempt++) {
    try {
        System.out.println(future.get());
        break;
    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
        System.out.println("Attempt " + (attempt+1) + " failed");
        if (attempt == 2) throw e;
        future = pool.submit(() -> "retry"); // resubmit
    }
}

قيود Future

اختبار سريع

مراجعة: Future ومعالجة الأخطاء