إنشاء Optional وفحصه

إنشاء Optionals وفحصها

ثلاث طرق لإنشاء Optional

import java.util.Optional;

// 1. of: must be non-null
Optional<String> a = Optional.of("hello");

// 2. ofNullable: safely wraps null
String maybeNull = null;
Optional<String> b = Optional.ofNullable(maybeNull); // empty
Optional<String> c = Optional.ofNullable("world");   // present

// 3. empty: explicitly empty
Optional<Integer> empty = Optional.empty();

System.out.println(a.isPresent()); // true
System.out.println(b.isPresent()); // false
System.out.println(c.isEmpty());   // false

isPresent وisEmpty

import java.util.Optional;

Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("Java");

System.out.println(opt.isPresent()); // true
System.out.println(opt.isEmpty());   // false

Optional<String> empty = Optional.empty();
System.out.println(empty.isPresent()); // false
System.out.println(empty.isEmpty());   // true

// Prefer ifPresent() over if (isPresent()) get() — more readable
opt.ifPresent(v -> System.out.println(v.toUpperCase())); // JAVA

get(): استخدمها بحذر

import java.util.Optional;

Optional<String> opt = Optional.of("present");
System.out.println(opt.get()); // present

Optional<String> empty = Optional.empty();
try {
    empty.get(); // NoSuchElementException!
} catch (java.util.NoSuchElementException e) {
    System.out.println("No value!");
}

// Better pattern: always use orElse/orElseGet/orElseThrow
// instead of isPresent() + get()

orElse وorElseGet

import java.util.Optional;

Optional<String> plan = Optional.empty();

// orElse: default value always evaluated
String basic = plan.orElse("FREE");
System.out.println(basic); // FREE

// orElseGet: supplier only called when empty (lazy)
String lazy = plan.orElseGet(() -> {
    System.out.println("Computing default...");
    return "FREE";
});
System.out.println(lazy); // Computing default... FREE

// When present, orElseGet supplier is NOT called
Optional.of("PRO").orElseGet(() -> {
    System.out.println("Not called!");
    return "FREE";
}); // silent — present, no computation needed

orElseThrow

import java.util.Optional;

Optional<String> userId = Optional.empty();

// Default: throws NoSuchElementException
try {
    userId.orElseThrow();
} catch (java.util.NoSuchElementException e) {
    System.out.println("Empty!");
}

// Custom exception
try {
    userId.orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException("User ID required"));
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
    System.out.println(e.getMessage()); // User ID required
}

ifPresent وifPresentOrElse

import java.util.Optional;

Optional<String> username = Optional.of("alice");

// ifPresent: callback only when present
username.ifPresent(u -> System.out.println("Welcome, " + u));
// Welcome, alice

Optional<String> missing = Optional.empty();

// ifPresentOrElse (Java 9+): callback or else action
missing.ifPresentOrElse(
    u -> System.out.println("Hello " + u),
    () -> System.out.println("Anonymous user")
);
// Anonymous user

التحقق من وجود String

import java.util.Optional;

static Optional<String> getConfig(String key) {
    // Simulate config lookup
    return Optional.ofNullable(System.getenv(key));
}

String port = getConfig("PORT").orElse("8080");
String host = getConfig("HOST").orElse("localhost");

System.out.println("Server: " + host + ":" + port);
// Server: localhost:8080 (when env vars not set)

‏Optional.or() للـ Optionals البديلة

import java.util.Optional;

static Optional<String> findInCache(String key)   { return Optional.empty(); }
static Optional<String> findInDatabase(String key) { return Optional.of("Alice"); }

Optional<String> result = findInCache("user:1")
    .or(() -> findInDatabase("user:1"));

System.out.println(result.get()); // Alice

// Useful for fallback chains:
Optional<String> value = Optional.empty()
    .or(() -> Optional.empty())
    .or(() -> Optional.of("final fallback"));
System.out.println(value.get()); // final fallback

‏Filter للحضور المشروط

import java.util.Optional;

Optional<Integer> age = Optional.of(17);

Optional<Integer> adult = age.filter(a -> a >= 18);
System.out.println(adult.isPresent()); // false (17 is not >= 18)

Optional<Integer> age2 = Optional.of(25);
Optional<Integer> adult2 = age2.filter(a -> a >= 18);
System.out.println(adult2.get()); // 25

// Chain: find active premium user
Optional<User> premiumActive = findUser(id)
    .filter(u -> "PRO".equals(u.plan()))
    .filter(u -> u.isActive());

تطبيق عملي: البحث عن مستخدم مع بديل

import java.util.Optional;

record User(long id, String name, String email) {}

static Optional<User> findById(long id) {
    return id == 1 ? Optional.of(new User(1, "Alice", "alice@co.com"))
                   : Optional.empty();
}

static void displayUser(long id) {
    findById(id).ifPresentOrElse(
        u -> System.out.println("Found: " + u.name() + " <" + u.email() + ">"),
        () -> System.out.println("User " + id + " not found")
    );
}

displayUser(1);  // Found: Alice <alice@co.com>
displayUser(99); // User 99 not found

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: إنشاء Optionals وفحصها