Decorators والبيانات الوصفية

ما هي Decorators؟

صياغة Decorator

@Component({ selector: 'app-root' })
export class AppComponent {
  @Input() title: string;

  @HostListener('click')
  onClick() {
    console.log('clicked');
  }
}

تفعيل Decorators

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "experimentalDecorators": true,
    "emitDecoratorMetadata": true
  }
}

Class Decorator

function Singleton<T extends { new (...a: any[]): {} }>(target: T) {
  let instance: T;
  return class extends target {
    constructor(...args: any[]) {
      if (!instance) instance = new target(...args) as T;
      return instance;
    }
  };
}

@Singleton
class Logger { /* ... */ }

Method Decorator

function Log(target: any, key: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
  const original = descriptor.value;
  descriptor.value = function (...args: any[]) {
    console.log(`[${key}]`, args);
    return original.apply(this, args);
  };
}

class Service {
  @Log
  greet(name: string) { return `Hello ${name}`; }
}

Property Decorator

function Required(target: any, key: string) {
  const existing = Reflect.getMetadata('required', target) || [];
  Reflect.defineMetadata('required', [...existing, key], target);
}

class User {
  @Required name: string;
  @Required email: string;
}

Parameter Decorator

function Inject(token: string) {
  return function (target: any, key: string, index: number) {
    const existing = Reflect.getMetadata('inject', target, key) || {};
    existing[index] = token;
    Reflect.defineMetadata('inject', existing, target, key);
  };
}

class UserService {
  constructor(@Inject('Database') db: Database) {}
}

reflect-metadata

npm install reflect-metadata

// main.ts (entry point):
import 'reflect-metadata';

import { Reflect } from 'reflect-metadata';
Reflect.defineMetadata('key', 'value', target);
Reflect.getMetadata('key', target); // 'value'

مصانع Decorator

function Component(config: { selector: string }) {
  return function (target: any) {
    target.selector = config.selector;
  };
}

@Component({ selector: 'app-root' })
class AppComponent {}

حالة استخدام للتحقق

// Decorator records that a field is required:
function Required(target: any, key: string) {
  const fields = Reflect.getMetadata('required', target) || [];
  Reflect.defineMetadata('required', [...fields, key], target);
}

class User {
  @Required name!: string;
  @Required email!: string;
}

function validate(obj: any): string[] {
  const required: string[] = Reflect.getMetadata('required', obj) || [];
  return required.filter(k => obj[k] == null);
}

Decorators من Stage 3 (TC39)

متى تُستخدم Decorators

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: Decorators