تحليل الأعلام والوسائط باستخدام getopts

سبب وجود getopts

بنية getopts

while getopts "optstring" varname; do
  case "$varname" in
    ...
  esac
done

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Minimal skeleton — shows the loop structure
while getopts 'vn:' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    v) echo "Verbose mode on" ;;
    n) echo "Count = $OPTARG" ;;
    ?) echo "Unknown option: -$OPTARG" >&2; exit 1 ;;
  esac
done

تعريف optstring

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# optstring ':o:vq'
# -o  requires an argument (output file)
# -v  verbose flag (no argument)
# -q  quiet flag  (no argument)
# Leading ':' = silent error mode

while getopts ':o:vq' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    o) OUTPUT="$OPTARG" ;;
    v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
    q) QUIET=1 ;;
    :) echo "Error: -$OPTARG requires an argument" >&2; exit 1 ;;
    \?) echo "Error: unknown option -$OPTARG" >&2; exit 1 ;;
  esac
done
echo "OUTPUT=$OUTPUT  VERBOSE=$VERBOSE  QUIET=$QUIET"

OPTARG والوسائط المطلوبة

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Demonstrate OPTARG with a file-processing script

while getopts ':i:o:' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    i) INPUT="$OPTARG" ;;
    o) OUTPUT="$OPTARG" ;;
    :) echo "Error: option -$OPTARG needs a value" >&2; exit 1 ;;
    \?) echo "Error: unknown flag -$OPTARG" >&2; exit 1 ;;
  esac
done

echo "Input  : ${INPUT:-<not set>}"
echo "Output : ${OUTPUT:-<not set>}"

تجاوز الخيارات باستخدام OPTIND

shift $((OPTIND - 1))

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Shows OPTIND shift and leftover positional args

VERBOSE=0
while getopts ':vn:' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
    n) COUNT="$OPTARG" ;;
    :) echo "Error: -$OPTARG requires an argument" >&2; exit 1 ;;
    \?) echo "Error: unknown option -$OPTARG" >&2; exit 1 ;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND - 1))

echo "VERBOSE=$VERBOSE  COUNT=${COUNT:-1}"
echo "Remaining args: $*"

كتابة دالة الاستخدام

#!/usr/bin/env bash

usage() {
  cat >&2 <<EOF
Usage: $(basename "$0") [-v] [-n COUNT] [-o FILE] [FILE...]

Options:
  -v          Verbose output
  -n COUNT    Repeat COUNT times (default: 1)
  -o FILE     Write output to FILE
  -h          Show this help
EOF
  exit "${1:-0}"
}

while getopts ':vn:o:h' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
    n) COUNT="$OPTARG" ;;
    o) OUTFILE="$OPTARG" ;;
    h) usage 0 ;;
    :) echo "Error: -$OPTARG requires a value" >&2; usage 1 ;;
    \?) echo "Error: unknown option -$OPTARG" >&2; usage 1 ;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND - 1))
echo "Parsed OK — verbose=${VERBOSE:-0} count=${COUNT:-1} out=${OUTFILE:--}"

القيم الافتراضية والتحقق

#!/usr/bin/env bash

usage() { echo "Usage: $(basename "$0") -n COUNT [-v]" >&2; exit 1; }

VERBOSE=0
COUNT=''

while getopts ':n:v' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    n) COUNT="$OPTARG" ;;
    v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
    :) echo "Error: -$OPTARG needs a value" >&2; usage ;;
    \?) echo "Error: -$OPTARG unknown" >&2; usage ;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND - 1))

# Validation phase
[[ -z "$COUNT" ]] && { echo "Error: -n COUNT is required" >&2; usage; }
[[ "$COUNT" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || { echo "Error: COUNT must be a positive integer" >&2; usage; }

for (( i=1; i<=COUNT; i++ )); do
  [[ $VERBOSE -eq 1 ]] && echo "Iteration $i of $COUNT"
  echo "Hello, world!"
done

دمج الرايات في سطر الأوامر

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Test combined flag parsing
# Run as:  bash script.sh -vq -n3

VERBOSE=0; QUIET=0; COUNT=1

while getopts ':vqn:' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
    q) QUIET=1 ;;
    n) COUNT="$OPTARG" ;;
    :) echo "Error: -$OPTARG needs value" >&2; exit 1 ;;
    \?) echo "Error: unknown -$OPTARG" >&2; exit 1 ;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND - 1))

echo "verbose=$VERBOSE quiet=$QUIET count=$COUNT"

معالجة الفاصل ذي الشرطتين

myscript.sh -v -- -strangefile.txt

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Demonstrate -- separator
# Run as:  bash script.sh -v -- file1.txt -oddname.txt

VERBOSE=0
while getopts ':v' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
    \?) echo "Unknown option -$OPTARG" >&2; exit 1 ;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND - 1))   # removes -v and the '--' separator

echo "Verbose: $VERBOSE"
echo "Files to process:"
for f in "$@"; do
  echo "  -> $f"
done

تغليف getopts في دالة مكتبة

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# Global option variables
VERBOSE=0; OUTPUT=''; COUNT=1

parse_args() {
  local opt
  while getopts ':vn:o:h' opt; do
    case "$opt" in
      v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
      n) COUNT="$OPTARG" ;;
      o) OUTPUT="$OPTARG" ;;
      h) echo "Usage: $(basename "$0") [-v] [-n N] [-o FILE]"; exit 0 ;;
      :) echo "Error: -$OPTARG needs a value" >&2; return 1 ;;
      \?) echo "Error: unknown option -$OPTARG" >&2; return 1 ;;
    esac
  done
  shift $((OPTIND - 1))
  ARGS=("$@")   # leftover positional args stored in array
}

main() {
  parse_args "$@" || exit 1
  echo "verbose=$VERBOSE count=$COUNT output=${OUTPUT:--} args=${ARGS[*]}"
}

main "$@"

مثال واقعي متكامل: مؤرشف سجلات

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# archive_logs.sh — compress and move logs older than N days

set -euo pipefail

DESTDIR='/tmp/log_archive'
DAYS=30
VERBOSE=0

usage() {
  cat >&2 <<EOF
Usage: $(basename "$0") [-v] [-d DAYS] [-o DIR] SOURCE_DIR

  -d DAYS   Archive logs older than DAYS (default: 30)
  -o DIR    Destination directory (default: /tmp/log_archive)
  -v        Verbose output
  -h        Show this help
EOF
  exit "${1:-0}"
}

while getopts ':d:o:vh' opt; do
  case "$opt" in
    d) DAYS="$OPTARG" ;;
    o) DESTDIR="$OPTARG" ;;
    v) VERBOSE=1 ;;
    h) usage 0 ;;
    :) echo "Error: -$OPTARG requires a value" >&2; usage 1 ;;
    \?) echo "Error: unknown option -$OPTARG" >&2; usage 1 ;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND - 1))

# Validation
[[ $# -lt 1 ]] && { echo "Error: SOURCE_DIR is required" >&2; usage 1; }
[[ "$DAYS" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || { echo "Error: DAYS must be numeric" >&2; exit 1; }
SOURCE="$1"
[[ -d "$SOURCE" ]] || { echo "Error: '$SOURCE' is not a directory" >&2; exit 1; }

mkdir -p "$DESTDIR"
[[ $VERBOSE -eq 1 ]] && echo "Archiving logs older than $DAYS days from $SOURCE to $DESTDIR"

find "$SOURCE" -name '*.log' -mtime "+$DAYS" -print | while read -r f; do
  gzip -c "$f" > "$DESTDIR/$(basename "$f").gz"
  [[ $VERBOSE -eq 1 ]] && echo "  archived: $f"
done

echo "Done."

اختبار سريع: optstring في getopts

while getopts ':f:vq' opt; do

مراجعة الدرس: إتقان getopts