كتابة Middleware مخصّص

لماذا نستخدم برمجية وسيطة مخصّصة؟

برمجية وسيطة مضمنة باستخدام Use

app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
    var start = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;

    await next(context);

    var elapsed = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow - start;
    context.Response.Headers.Append(
        "X-Elapsed", elapsed.TotalMilliseconds.ToString("F0") + "ms");
});

برمجية وسيطة قائمة على فئة وفق الاصطلاح

public class SecurityHeadersMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;

    public SecurityHeadersMiddleware(RequestDelegate next) => _next = next;

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
    {
        var headers = context.Response.Headers;
        headers.Append("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff");
        headers.Append("X-Frame-Options", "DENY");
        headers.Append("X-XSS-Protection", "1; mode=block");
        headers.Append("Referrer-Policy", "strict-origin-when-cross-origin");

        await _next(context);
    }
}

// Extension method for clean registration:
public static class SecurityHeadersExtensions
{
    public static IApplicationBuilder UseSecurityHeaders(
        this IApplicationBuilder app) =>
        app.UseMiddleware<SecurityHeadersMiddleware>();
}

IMiddleware للتبعيات ذات النطاق Scoped

public class AuditMiddleware : IMiddleware
{
    private readonly AuditDbContext _db;
    private readonly IHttpContextAccessor _http;

    public AuditMiddleware(AuditDbContext db, IHttpContextAccessor http)
    {
        _db = db;
        _http = http;
    }

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext ctx, RequestDelegate next)
    {
        await next(ctx);

        if (ctx.Request.Method != "GET")
        {
            _db.AuditLogs.Add(new AuditLog
            {
                User   = ctx.User.Identity?.Name,
                Path   = ctx.Request.Path,
                Status = ctx.Response.StatusCode,
                At     = DateTime.UtcNow
            });
            await _db.SaveChangesAsync();
        }
    }
}

builder.Services.AddScoped<AuditMiddleware>();
app.UseMiddleware<AuditMiddleware>();

البرمجية الوسيطة مع Options

public class ThrottleOptions
{
    public int MaxRequestsPerSecond { get; set; } = 100;
    public string[] ExcludedPaths { get; set; } = Array.Empty<string>();
}

public class ThrottleMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
    private readonly ThrottleOptions _options;

    public ThrottleMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ThrottleOptions options)
    {
        _next   = next;
        _options = options;
    }
    // ...
}

// Registration with options:
app.UseMiddleware<ThrottleMiddleware>(new ThrottleOptions
{
    MaxRequestsPerSecond = 50
});

برمجية وسيطة لمعالجة الاستثناءات

public class GlobalExceptionMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
    private readonly ILogger<GlobalExceptionMiddleware> _logger;

    public GlobalExceptionMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ILogger<GlobalExceptionMiddleware> l)
    {
        _next = next;
        _logger = l;
    }

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext ctx)
    {
        try { await _next(ctx); }
        catch (NotFoundException ex)
        {
            ctx.Response.StatusCode = 404;
            await ctx.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(new { error = ex.Message });
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError(ex, "Unhandled exception");
            ctx.Response.StatusCode = 500;
            await ctx.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(new { error = "Internal server error" });
        }
    }
}

برمجية وسيطة لتسجيل الطلبات

public class RequestLoggingMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
    private readonly ILogger<RequestLoggingMiddleware> _log;

    public RequestLoggingMiddleware(RequestDelegate n, ILogger<RequestLoggingMiddleware> l)
    { _next = n; _log = l; }

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext ctx)
    {
        var sw = System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch.StartNew();
        await _next(ctx);
        sw.Stop();

        _log.LogInformation(
            "{Method} {Path} -> {Status} in {Ms}ms",
            ctx.Request.Method,
            ctx.Request.Path,
            ctx.Response.StatusCode,
            sw.ElapsedMilliseconds);
    }
}

برمجية وسيطة شرطية باستخدام UseWhen

// Apply authentication middleware only to /api/* routes
app.UseWhen(
    ctx => ctx.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/api"),
    apiApp =>
    {
        apiApp.UseAuthentication();
        apiApp.UseAuthorization();
    });

// Public routes (/public/*) bypass authentication
app.MapGet("/public/health", () => "OK");
app.MapGet("/api/data", [Authorize] async (DataService s) => await s.GetAsync());

برمجية وسيطة لتخزين الاستجابات مؤقتًا

builder.Services.AddResponseCaching();

app.UseResponseCaching();

app.MapGet("/products", async (AppDbContext db) =>
{
    var products = await db.Products.AsNoTracking().ToListAsync();
    return Results.Ok(products);
})
.CacheOutput(p => p.Expire(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2)).Tag("products"));

من واقع عملي: برمجية وسيطة لوضع الصيانة

public class MaintenanceMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
    private readonly IOptionsMonitor<MaintenanceOptions> _options;

    public MaintenanceMiddleware(RequestDelegate next,
        IOptionsMonitor<MaintenanceOptions> opts)
    { _next = next; _options = opts; }

    public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext ctx)
    {
        if (_options.CurrentValue.IsEnabled
            && !ctx.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/health"))
        {
            ctx.Response.StatusCode = 503;
            ctx.Response.Headers.Append("Retry-After", "300");
            await ctx.Response.WriteAsJsonAsync(
                new { message = "Service under maintenance" });
            return;
        }
        await _next(ctx);
    }
}

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: كتابة برمجيات وسيطة مخصّصة