العوامل Null-Conditional وNull-Coalescing

أنماط التعليمات البرمجية الآمنة تجاه null

العامل الشرطي المتعلق بـ null: ?.

User? user = GetUser(id);

// Without ?.:
string? name = null;
if (user != null) name = user.Name;

// With ?.:
string? name2 = user?.Name;

// Chained:
string? city = user?.Address?.City;

// Method call:
string? upper = user?.Name?.ToUpper();

العامل الشرطي المتعلق بـ null مع مفهرس: ?[]

List<string>? tags = product?.Tags;

// Safe index access
string? firstTag = tags?[0];

// Null-conditional LINQ
int? count = tags?.Count;
bool? hasItems = tags?.Any();

// With methods:
string? joined = tags?.FirstOrDefault()?.ToUpper();

عامل الدمج مع null: ??

string? name = GetName();

// Without ??:
string display = name != null ? name : "Anonymous";

// With ??:
string display2 = name ?? "Anonymous";

// Chaining ?? for multiple fallbacks:
string result = primary ?? secondary ?? tertiary ?? "Default";

// Combining with ?.
string city = user?.Address?.City ?? "Unknown City";

التعيين باستخدام null-coalescing: ??=

// Lazy initialization
private List<string>? _cache;

public List<string> GetCache()
{
    _cache ??= new List<string>(); // only assigns if null
    return _cache;
}

// Equivalent to:
// if (_cache is null) _cache = new List<string>();

// In-place:
string? name = null;
name ??= "Default";
Console.WriteLine(name); // "Default"

استخدام ?. مع الأحداث

public event EventHandler<DataEventArgs>? DataReceived;

// Thread-safe event invocation:
DataReceived?.Invoke(this, new DataEventArgs(data));

// This is equivalent to:
var handler = DataReceived;
if (handler != null) handler(this, new DataEventArgs(data));
// (local copy avoids race condition between check and invoke)

أمثلة معقدة على التسلسل

var order = GetOrder(id);

// Deeply nested with fallbacks:
string countryCode = order
    ?.Customer
    ?.ShippingAddress
    ?.Country
    ?.Code
    ?? "US";

// Collection safe access:
decimal firstLineTotal = order
    ?.Lines
    ?.FirstOrDefault()
    ?.Total
    ?? 0m;

// Method chain:
string? trackingUpper = order?.TrackingNumber?.ToUpper().Trim();

العامل Null-Conditional في LINQ

List<Order>? orders = customer?.Orders;

// Safe LINQ on a nullable collection:
var totalRevenue = orders?.Sum(o => o.Total) ?? 0m;
var pendingCount = orders?.Count(o => o.Status == OrderStatus.Pending) ?? 0;
var latest       = orders?.MaxBy(o => o.PlacedAt)?.Id;

حواجز null باستخدام ThrowIfNull

public void ProcessOrder(Order order, Customer customer)
{
    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(order);
    ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(customer);

    // From this point, compiler knows both are non-null
    Console.WriteLine(order.Id);
    Console.WriteLine(customer.Name);
}

// .NET 7+: ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrEmpty
void Save(string name)
{
    ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace(name);
    // name is guaranteed non-empty
}

نمط Is Not Null في Switch

string Describe(object? obj) => obj switch
{
    null                          => "nothing",
    string s when s.Length == 0  => "empty string",
    string s                      => $"string: {s}",
    int i                         => $"integer: {i}",
    { }                           => $"object: {obj.GetType().Name}"
};

// is not null in if statements:
if (order is not null && order.Customer is { Name: var name })
    Console.WriteLine(name);

اختبار سريع

مراجعة: Null-Conditional وNull-Coalescing