فئات البيانات والفئات المحصورة

ما هي فئات البيانات؟

تعريف فئة بيانات

data class User(val id: Int, val name: String, val email: String)

fun main() {
    val u1 = User(1, "Alice", "alice@example.com")
    val u2 = User(1, "Alice", "alice@example.com")

    println(u1)          // User(id=1, name=Alice, email=alice@example.com)
    println(u1 == u2)    // true  (value equality)
    println(u1 === u2)   // false (different objects)
}

copy() — تعديل حقل واحد

data class Product(val name: String, val price: Double, val inStock: Boolean)

fun main() {
    val original = Product("Laptop", 999.0, true)

    // Only change the price; keep everything else
    val onSale = original.copy(price = 799.0)

    println(original)  // Product(name=Laptop, price=999.0, inStock=true)
    println(onSale)    // Product(name=Laptop, price=799.0, inStock=true)
}

إعلانات التفكيك

data class Point(val x: Int, val y: Int)

fun main() {
    val point = Point(10, 20)

    // Destructure into separate variables
    val (x, y) = point
    println("x=$x, y=$y")   // x=10, y=20

    // Also works in for loops with maps
    val scores = mapOf("Alice" to 95, "Bob" to 88)
    for ((name, score) in scores) {
        println("$name: $score")
    }
}

ما هي الفئات المحكَمة؟

صيغة الفئة المحكَمة

sealed class NetworkResult<out T> {
    data class Success<T>(val data: T) : NetworkResult<T>()
    data class Error(val message: String, val code: Int = 0) : NetworkResult<Nothing>()
    object Loading : NetworkResult<Nothing>()
}

fun handle(result: NetworkResult<String>) {
    when (result) {
        is NetworkResult.Success -> println("Data: ${result.data}")
        is NetworkResult.Error  -> println("Error ${result.code}: ${result.message}")
        NetworkResult.Loading   -> println("Loading...")
    }
}

الفئة المحكَمة + when (شاملة)

sealed class UiState {
    object Loading : UiState()
    data class Success(val message: String) : UiState()
    data class Error(val error: String) : UiState()
}

fun render(state: UiState): String = when (state) {
    is UiState.Loading      -> "Showing spinner"
    is UiState.Success      -> "Show: ${state.message}"
    is UiState.Error        -> "Error: ${state.error}"
    // Compiler error if you remove any branch!
}

fun main() {
    println(render(UiState.Loading))
    println(render(UiState.Success("Loaded!")))
}

الفئة المحكَمة مقابل التعداد

إعلانات الكائنات (Singletons)

object AppConfig {
    const val BASE_URL = "https://api.example.com"
    const val TIMEOUT = 30L

    fun buildUrl(path: String) = "$BASE_URL/$path"
}

fun main() {
    println(AppConfig.BASE_URL)          // https://api.example.com
    println(AppConfig.buildUrl("users")) // https://api.example.com/users
}

الكائنات المرافقة

class Token private constructor(val value: String) {
    companion object {
        fun create(raw: String): Token {
            val cleaned = raw.trim()
            require(cleaned.isNotEmpty()) { "Token must not be blank" }
            return Token(cleaned)
        }
    }
}

fun main() {
    val token = Token.create("  abc123  ")
    println(token.value)  // abc123
}

فئات البيانات في تطبيق حقيقي

data class Post(val id: Int, val title: String, val body: String)

sealed class PostState {
    object Loading : PostState()
    data class Loaded(val posts: List<Post>) : PostState()
    data class Failed(val reason: String) : PostState()
}

fun showState(state: PostState) = when (state) {
    PostState.Loading        -> println("Fetching posts...")
    is PostState.Loaded      -> println("${state.posts.size} posts loaded")
    is PostState.Failed      -> println("Failed: ${state.reason}")
}

fun main() {
    showState(PostState.Loaded(listOf(
        Post(1, "Hello", "World"),
        Post(2, "Kotlin", "Rocks")
    )))
}

تحقق سريع

مراجعة: فئات البيانات والفئات المحكَمة