Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide · 课时

Spring WebFlux 与 Reactor Core

使用 Spring WebFlux 构建响应式 REST API，并操作 Reactor Core 中的 `Mono` 和 `Flux`。

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Spring WebFlux 与 Reactor Core 是 CoddyKit 上的免费 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 课时。这是第 2 节课，共 4 节。你可以在下方免费阅读本课时的完整内容 — 然后在浏览器中使用内置代码编辑器和全天候 AI 导师进行实践。这是 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 学习路径的一部分，你的进度在网页和 CoddyKit 应用中同步。 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide 课程共包含 4 节课。

本课时的部分内容尚未翻译，以英文显示。

Reactive Web with Spring WebFlux

Welcome to Spring WebFlux! This framework is Spring's answer to building reactive, non-blocking web applications.

Unlike traditional Spring MVC which uses a servlet-based, blocking model, WebFlux is designed for concurrency and high throughput with fewer threads.

It's perfect for microservices and applications needing to handle many concurrent connections efficiently.

Diving into Reactor Core

At the heart of Spring WebFlux lies Reactor Core. Reactor is a reactive programming library that implements the Reactive Streams specification.

It provides two key types for handling asynchronous data streams:

Mono: For sequences of 0 or 1 item.
Flux: For sequences of 0 to N items.

These types represent publishers that emit data, which subscribers then consume.

`Mono`: Zero or One Element

A Mono is a specialized Publisher that can emit at most one item, or complete without emitting any item, or emit an error.

Think of it as an asynchronous container for a single value. It's ideal for operations that return a single result, like fetching a user by ID or performing a single update.

Your First `Mono`

Let's see Mono in action. We create a Mono and then subscribe() to it. The subscribe() method triggers the data flow.

import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Mono<String> greetingMono = Mono.just("Hello, Mono!");

    // Subscribe to the Mono to consume the data
    greetingMono.subscribe(
      data -> System.out.println(data), // onNext consumer
      error -> System.err.println("Error: " + error), // onError consumer
      () -> System.out.println("Mono completed.") // onComplete callback
    );
  }
}

`Flux`: Zero to Many Elements

A Flux is a Publisher that can emit 0 to N items over time, and then optionally terminate with a completion signal or an error.

It's perfect for handling streams of data, like a list of products, real-time events, or database query results that return multiple rows.

Your First `Flux`

Here's an example of creating a Flux from a list of items. Just like Mono, you need to subscribe() to start the emission of data.

import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    List<String> fruits = Arrays.asList("Apple", "Banana", "Cherry");
    Flux<String> fruitFlux = Flux.fromIterable(fruits);

    // Subscribe to the Flux to consume the data stream
    fruitFlux.subscribe(
      data -> System.out.println(data), // onNext consumer for each item
      error -> System.err.println("Error: " + error), // onError consumer
      () -> System.out.println("Flux completed.") // onComplete callback
    );
  }
}

Building Reactive Endpoints

Spring WebFlux seamlessly integrates with Reactor Core's Mono and Flux. You can define your REST endpoints to return these reactive types.

When a WebFlux controller method returns a Mono or Flux, Spring handles the subscription and streaming of data automatically, allowing for non-blocking I/O.

Endpoint Returning `Mono`

Here's how you'd create a simple WebFlux endpoint that returns a Mono<String>. This endpoint would respond with a single string asynchronously.

Note: This code snippet is part of a Spring Boot application and cannot be run in isolation.

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;

@RestController
public class HelloController {

  @GetMapping("/hello-mono")
  public Mono<String> getHelloMono() {
    // Simulate a non-blocking operation that returns a single greeting
    return Mono.just("Hello from Mono endpoint!");
  }
}

Endpoint Returning `Flux`

For endpoints that need to stream multiple items, you can return a Flux<T>. WebFlux will handle sending these items as they become available, often using Server-Sent Events (SSE).

Note: This code snippet is part of a Spring Boot application and cannot be run in isolation.

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
import java.time.Duration;

@RestController
public class HelloController {

  @GetMapping(value = "/hello-flux", produces = "text/event-stream")
  public Flux<String> getHelloFlux() {
    // Emit 5 items, one every second
    return Flux.interval(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
               .map(sequence -> "Item " + sequence + " from Flux!")
               .take(5); 
  }
}

Check Your Knowledge

Let's test your understanding of Spring WebFlux and Reactor Core.

在交互式课程中回答

Recap: WebFlux & Reactor Core

In this lesson, you've learned about the core components of reactive programming with Spring Boot:

Spring WebFlux: The non-blocking web framework.
Reactor Core: The underlying library providing reactive types.
Mono: For handling 0 or 1 data item.
Flux: For handling 0 to N data items.

You also saw how to define reactive endpoints in WebFlux controllers by returning Mono and Flux.

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「Spring WebFlux 与 Reactor Core」这节课中我会学到什么？

使用 Spring WebFlux 构建响应式 REST API，并操作 Reactor Core 中的 `Mono` 和 `Flux`。你通过在浏览器中直接运行的动手代码来练习 Spring Boot 4 Complete Guide，全天候 AI 导师会在你学习这节课的过程中回答你的问题。

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