การกำหนดและนำ Traits ไปใช้

trait Summary {
  fn summarize(&self) -> String;
}

fn main() {
  // Traits are definitions, not directly executable.
  // We will implement and use them in later scenes!
  println!("Trait 'Summary' defined.");
}

trait Summary {
  fn summarize(&self) -> String;
}

struct NewsArticle {
  headline: String,
  location: String,
  author: String,
  content: String,
}

impl Summary for NewsArticle {
  fn summarize(&self) -> String {
    format!("{}, by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location)
  }
}

fn main() {
  let article = NewsArticle {
    headline: String::from("Penguins win Stanley Cup!"),
    location: String::from("Pittsburgh, PA"),
    author: String::from("Iceburgh"),
    content: String::from("The Pittsburgh Penguins have won..."),
  };

  println!("New article summary: {}", article.summarize());
}

trait Summary {
  fn summarize(&self) -> String;
}

struct NewsArticle {
  headline: String,
  location: String,
  author: String,
  content: String,
}

impl Summary for NewsArticle {
  fn summarize(&self) -> String {
    format!("{}, by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location)
  }
}

struct Tweet {
  username: String,
  content: String,
  reply: bool,
  retweet: bool,
}

impl Summary for Tweet {
  fn summarize(&self) -> String {
    format!("{}: {}", self.username, self.content)
  }
}

fn notify(item: &impl Summary) { // impl Summary is syntax sugar for a trait bound
  println!("Breaking news! {}", item.summarize());
}

fn main() {
  let tweet = Tweet {
    username: String::from("horse_ebooks"),
    content: String::from("of course, as you probably already know, people"),
    reply: false,
    retweet: false,
  };

  let article = NewsArticle {
    headline: String::from("Rust is awesome!"),
    location: String::from("Internet"),
    author: String::from("Rustacean"),
    content: String::from("Rust's type system is amazing."),
  };

  notify(&tweet);
  notify(&article);
}

trait Summary {
  fn summarize_author(&self) -> String; // New required method
  fn summarize(&self) -> String { // Default implementation
    format!("(Read more from {})", self.summarize_author())
  }
}

struct Tweet {
  username: String,
  content: String,
  reply: bool,
  retweet: bool,
}

impl Summary for Tweet {
  fn summarize_author(&self) -> String { // Must implement required method
    format!("@{}", self.username)
  }
  // We are using the default summarize() method here!
}

fn main() {
  let tweet = Tweet {
    username: String::from("dog_lover"),
    content: String::from("My dog is the best!"),
    reply: false,
    retweet: false,
  };

  println!("Tweet summary: {}", tweet.summarize());
}

trait Displayable {
  fn display(&self);
}

struct Point<T> {
  x: T,
  y: T,
}

// Implement Displayable for Point<i32>
impl Displayable for Point<i32> {
  fn display(&self) {
    println!("Point: ({}, {})", self.x, self.y);
  }
}

// Generic function that works for any type T that implements Displayable
fn print_item<T: Displayable>(item: T) {
  item.display();
}

fn main() {
  let p = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };
  print_item(p);
  // This function only works for types that implement Displayable
  // let s = String::from("Hello");
  // print_item(s); // This would cause a compile-time error
}

use std::fmt::Debug;

trait Printable {
  fn print_info(&self);
}

struct Book {
  title: String,
  pages: u32,
}

impl Printable for Book {
  fn print_info(&self) {
    println!("Book: '{}' ({} pages)", self.title, self.pages);
  }
}

impl Debug for Book { // Book also implements Debug trait
  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
    write!(f, "Book {{ title: {}, pages: {} }}", self.title, self.pages)
  }
}

// A function that requires its argument to be both Printable and Debug
fn process_item<T: Printable + Debug>(item: T) {
  item.print_info();
  println!("Debug info: {:?}", item);
}

fn main() {
  let my_book = Book {
    title: String::from("The Rust Book"),
    pages: 600,
  };

  process_item(my_book);
}

trait Greeter {
  fn greet(&self) -> String;
}

struct FriendlyGreeter;
impl Greeter for FriendlyGreeter {
  fn greet(&self) -> String {
    String::from("Hello there!")
  }
}

struct FormalGreeter;
impl Greeter for FormalGreeter {
  fn greet(&self) -> String {
    String::from("Greetings and salutations.")
  }
}

// This function returns *some* type that implements Greeter
// The caller doesn't need to know if it's FriendlyGreeter or FormalGreeter
fn get_greeter(formal: bool) -> impl Greeter {
  if formal {
    FormalGreeter
  } else {
    FriendlyGreeter
  }
}

fn main() {
  let casual_greet = get_greeter(false);
  println!("{}", casual_greet.greet());

  let formal_greet = get_greeter(true);
  println!("{}", formal_greet.greet());
}

trait Printable {
  fn print_content(&self);
}

// Debug is a supertrait of PrintableDebug
// Any type implementing PrintableDebug must also implement Debug
trait PrintableDebug: Printable + std::fmt::Debug {
  fn print_debug_and_content(&self) {
    self.print_content();
    println!("Debug info: {:?}", self);
  }
}

struct Item {
  id: u32,
  name: String,
}

impl Printable for Item {
  fn print_content(&self) {
    println!("Item ID: {}, Name: {}", self.id, self.name);
  }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for Item {
  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
    write!(f, "Item {{ id: {}, name: {} }}", self.id, self.name)
  }
}

// Now we can implement PrintableDebug because Item implements both Printable and Debug
impl PrintableDebug for Item {}

fn main() {
  let my_item = Item {
    id: 101,
    name: String::from("Widget A"),
  };
  my_item.print_debug_and_content();
}