panic, recover และ defer

package main
import "fmt"

func mustPositive(n int) int {
    if n <= 0 {
        panic(fmt.Sprintf("mustPositive: got %d", n))
    }
    return n
}

func main() {
    fmt.Println(mustPositive(5))  // 5
    // fmt.Println(mustPositive(-1)) // panics!
}

package main
import "fmt"

func main() {
    defer fmt.Println("third")
    defer fmt.Println("second")  // LIFO order
    defer fmt.Println("first")
    fmt.Println("running...")
    // Output:
    // running...
    // first
    // second
    // third
}

package main
import ("fmt"; "os")

func readFile(path string) (string, error) {
    f, err := os.Open(path)
    if err != nil {
        return "", fmt.Errorf("open: %w", err)
    }
    defer f.Close()  // always runs, even if we return early

    buf := make([]byte, 1024)
    n, _ := f.Read(buf)
    return string(buf[:n]), nil
}

package main
import "fmt"

func safeDiv(a, b int) (result int, err error) {
    defer func() {
        if r := recover(); r != nil {
            err = fmt.Errorf("recovered from panic: %v", r)
        }
    }()
    return a / b, nil  // panics if b==0
}

func main() {
    r, err := safeDiv(10, 0)
    fmt.Println(r, err)
    // 0 recovered from panic: runtime error: integer divide by zero
}

package main
import "fmt"

func wrong() {
    // recover() here does nothing — not in defer
}

func correct() {
    defer func() {
        if r := recover(); r != nil {
            fmt.Println("caught:", r)
        }
    }()
    panic("oops")
}

func main() { correct() }

package main
import ("fmt"; "runtime/debug")

func safeCall(fn func()) (err error) {
    defer func() {
        if r := recover(); r != nil {
            err = fmt.Errorf("panic: %v\n%s", r, debug.Stack())
        }
    }()
    fn()
    return nil
}

func main() {
    err := safeCall(func() { panic("boom") })
    fmt.Println(err != nil) // true
}

package main
import "fmt"

func processFiles(names []string) {
    for _, name := range names {
        name := name  // capture loop variable
        defer func() { fmt.Println("close:", name) }()
    }
}

func main() {
    processFiles([]string{"a.txt", "b.txt", "c.txt"})
    // Output (LIFO): close: c.txt, close: b.txt, close: a.txt
}

package main
import "fmt"

func doWork() (err error) {
    defer func() {
        if err != nil {
            err = fmt.Errorf("doWork: %w", err)
        }
    }()
    return fmt.Errorf("something failed")
}

func main() {
    err := doWork()
    fmt.Println(err) // doWork: something failed
}